How can organisations ensure that information held within their Essay

By what method would organizations be able to guarantee that data held inside their data frameworks is both secure and furthermore utilized in a moral and socially dependable way - Essay Example n exact and immediately assembled data in regards to business sectors, items, clients, thoughts, and different viewpoints concerning the business, so as to appropriately plan and actualize their future procedures. Organizations should likewise keep exact records of their past, current, and tentative arrangements so as to work in a sorted out way (Martin, pg. 256, 1973). As organizations must take due consideration of their assets and advantages for forestall harm or robbery, organizations should likewise shield their data from being taken or abused. While resources might be very costly and significant for the firm, data is worth a lot more and has a higher hazard included. Digital wrongdoing is on the loose in today’s innovatively propelled world, in which hoodlums don't endeavor to take physical resources from individuals, however legitimately plan to get to immaterial data, which is viewed as increasingly important. Partnerships protect their data on PCs that are bolted with passwords and just staff is allowed to get to the data. Be that as it may, frequently there are cases of data breaks or access to limited records by contenders, which causes the business enormous harm. Programmers and other digital hoodlums get to significant data to submit fakes or to control the business’s money related records. Ordinarily, a lot of money are m oved from the business record to different records and they become hopeless (Kankanhalli, Teo, Tan, and Wei, pg. 145-147, 2003). There are a huge number of ways that organizations can endure hurt through the entrance of their own data. Record numbers, money related data, client records, meeting plans, and new business techniques are completely recorded on PCs and it is viewed as a more secure spot to put such data as opposed to in paper structure where it is effectively open to all. Shockingly, while PCs might be the more secure spot to put such data, sparing it from common individuals and standard hoodlums, yet it is still significantly dangerous

Incremental profit Essay Example for Free

Gradual benefit Essay Recognize the accompanying: an) Industry request and Firm (Company) request, b) Short-run request and Long run request, and c) Durable goods’ request and Non-solid products request. 2 . What are the issues looked in deciding the interest for a sturdy decent? Represent with case of interest for families cooler or TV. 3 . Break down the technique by which a firm can designate the given publicizing financial plan between various media of commercial. 4 . What sort of relationship would you propose between short-run and since quite a while ago run normal cost bends when these are not U-molded as recommended by the cutting edge speculations? 5 . How request guaging techniques for new items shift from those for built up items? 6 . What are the various techniques for estimating national pay? Which strategies have been followed in India? 7 . What do you comprehend by the speculation multiplier? How can it safeguard the arrangement of open deals with the piece of the state during business despondency? 8 . Talk about the different periods of business cycle: a. Are repeating vacillations fundamental for monetary development? b. Propose suitable financial and money related arrangements for sorrow Task B: all Contextual analysis Electron Control, Inc., offers voltage controllers to different makers, who at that point alter and convey the items to quality confirmation labs for their delicate test hardware. The yearly volume of yield is 15,000 units. The selling cost and cost per unit are demonstrated below: Selling cost $200 Expenses: Direct material $35 Direct work 50 Variable overhead 25 Variable selling costs 25 Fixed selling costs 15 150 Unit benefit before charge $ 50 The board is assessing the option of playing out the fundamental modifying to permit Electron Control to sell its yield legitimately to Q/A labs for $275 per unit. Albeit no additional venture is required in beneficial offices, extra handling costs are evaluated as: Direct work $25 per unit Variable overhead $15 per unit Variable selling costs $10 per unit Fixed selling costs $100,000 every year Compute the gradual benefit Electron Control would procure by tweaking its instruments and showcasing legitimately to end clients.

LAW FOR BUSINESS Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

LAW FOR BUSINESS Assignment - Essay Example As a rule, remuneration for monetary misfortune coming about because of harm to property can be recuperated. All things considered, it is hard to plainly recognize unadulterated and significant financial misfortune. This was exhibited in Spartum Steel and Alloys Ltd v Martin &Co, wherein, the respondent had by accident made harm an electronic link in the plaintiff’s manufacturing plant. The result of this demonstration was a decrease in benefits, and a general postponement in the working of the industrial facility. The court while granting harms for the unadulterated financial misfortune caused, dismissed the case for general harms (Speaight, 2009, p. 23). The remuneration was concerning the monetary misfortune that was the immediate result of the harm to property. The conduits contention has a few highlights. One of these battles that permitting recuperation for unadulterated monetary misfortune in certain occurrences would bring about a plenty of claims, which would succ essfully lessen the working of the courts. Besides, the inconvenience of across the board obligation would unreasonably and excessively trouble a respondent. What's more, the litigant would be unable to survey his potential obligation on making harm the impacts of an essential casualty (von Bar, Drobnig, and Alpat, 2004, p. 124). The quantity of optional misfortune victims gets vague and relies upon every one of the individuals who have a monetary enthusiasm for the essential victim’s property. ... 19). On a few events, the conduits contention has been utilized, so as to limit risk. Accordingly, the House of Lords conceded this contention in Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas’s NHS Trust. For this situation, it was held that a business could be regarded to be vicariously at risk for an employee’s penetrate of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. In addition, in Conn v City Council of the City of Sunderland, the Appellate Court decided that grouping a go about as provocation would rely on the spot and setting wherein it had occurred. Thus, it excused the plaintiff’s guarantee of injury as the language utilized by the administrator had been what was typical in that industry. On account of Weller v Foot and Mouth Disease Research Institute, the unintentional arrival of an infection from the defendant’s establishment, brought about a close to scourge of foot and mouth ailment among the dairy cattle of that region. Therefore, the ranchers here needed to butcher their cows, and sales couldn't be directed. The barkers made a case for harms. In its decision, the court held that the barkers had only experienced a circuitous money related misfortune, and were along these lines not qualified to guarantee harms (Harpwood, 2008, p. 87). Along these lines, the conduits contention has been effectively contained by the legal executive. This is clear from the decision in the above refered to cases. Question Two: Extent of Accountant’s Liability to Non †Clients An accountant’s obligation, concerning customers and non-customers was resolved through the judgment of the courts in the accompanying cases. A careless deception, notwithstanding being straightforward, can bring about a case for harms. This holds great, regardless of whether there had been no agreement

The Omnivore Dilemma Part One Summary free essay sample

Mechanical/Corn Summary The Omnivore’s Dilemma, by Michael Pollan, investigates the dietary patterns and natural ways of life of present day America trying to carry perusers closer to the beginning of their nourishments. Pollan’s mix of amusingness and philosophical inquiries concerning the idea of food serves both to edify perusers about the earth from which their food is collected and to show perusers elective methods of eating. In the principal part of Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan, we are acquainted with the subject of mechanical corn and its causes about a great many years back. Initially known as â€Å"Zea Mays†, corn began delayed in organic terms yet exploded after the revelation of Christopher Columbus. Presently that there was corn the pilgrims were liberated from the Natives and could now bolster themselves on the farming of corn. Presently in current occasions we have made new sorts of corns to take care of people and creatures yet in addition to make more than 25000 items in markets today. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Omnivore Dilemma: Part One Summary or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Pallon makes reference to in Chapter one the contrasts among American and Mexican weight control plans. Expressing that the Mexican eating routine is that of a corn-based nature, where as Americans is on the opposite side of the range eating a larger number of meats than anything. In truth it’s the inverse, it’s the Americans that are eating more corn. Everything comes down to the manner in which we feed our creatures and procedure our nourishments. Americans feed their animals with corn, and siphon corn-based items into promptly accessible food. While Mexicans in spite of the fact that they eat a wide assortment of corn grains despite everything feed their creatures with grass and improve with sugar stick versus corn-based sugars. So the Americans truly beat out the â€Å"Corn walkers†, I surmise you could state they’re strolling corn from the elevated levels of corn utilization. Pollan maneuvered me into part one with the data he gave about corn. I was illuminated by this part and chose to do some exploration of my own. I began investigating a few distinctive food and items that are corn based and creatures that are corn taken care of. For instance, corn takes care of the cow, chicken, pig, turkey, sheep, and some fish, we eat; corn is in prepared nourishments, similar to a chicken piece contains corn starch, corn flour, corn oil, just as lecithin, mono-di-and tri-glycerides, and citrus extract, which all contain corn; Corn is contained in delicate and natural product drinks, liquor, mayonnaise, mustard, margarine, serving of mixed greens dressing, oat, toothpaste, beautifying agents, dispensable diapers, junk packs, cleaners, matches, batteries, magazine covers, tile, fiberglass, wallboard and gas (ethanol). Obviously, corn is all over! In section two, Pollan visits a little rancher in Iowa possessed by George Naylor. A large portion of the 470 section of land ranch is utilized to develop corn, to guarantee a high return rate for the season. While at the homestead Pollan decides to comprehend the puzzles of the Industrial Corn world and to get an inside and out glance at the life of a farmer’s life after corn surpluses have been placed in. Last, in part three, Pollan visits the incredible grain lift not a long way from the Naylor ranch in Iowa. He goes inside and out with the administrations financing and the living of a rancher on the appropriations. To get directly to the point, I was expecting â€Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma† to be exhausting, excessively composed and brimming with words I couldn't just articulate yet didn't have a clue about the significance of yet I saw it as very much characterized and however out regarding the structure and sentence changes. Numerous journalists endeavor to catch the reader’s eye with over-swelled words, when a straightforward depiction is satisfactory, and very adequate to pass on the however, thought, or idea, that the book is about. I was excited finding out about corn, which was not expected, and it made perusing the book substantially more agreeable.

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Qualities of a Good Boss

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Qualities of a Good Boss Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice EssayThe QuestionThe people we work with have many different characteristics and all of them affect the quality of our time at work. Of the following, what do you think is the most important quality for a boss or supervisor to have?a serious attitude about their worka lot of related experiencea tendency to always tell the truthYou may choose more than one. Use specific details and examples in your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayPeople today spend an enormous amount of time at their workplace, and how much they enjoy that time reallydependson the attributes of their supervisor. I am of the opinion that there are two main characteristics of a good boss, which are his attitude and his experience . I will explore these two factors in the following essay.First of all, we are more likely to learn from a supervisor who is very experienced in their field. When we are just starting out in our career we absorb new information like sponges, and even older workers can learn from supervisors who have a lot of related experience. My own personal history is a compelling example of this. When I began working as a teacher ten years ago, my supervisor, Simon, had been working in education for more than ten years. I was just out of college and knew very little about creating effective lesson plans, engaging with students or even how to complete my paperwork. Simon took the time to show me what he had learned over the previous decade, and therefore I was soon able to keep up with my office mates. In contrast, when I moved to a new school earlier this year, my supervisor actually had less experience teaching than I did. Moreover, when I struggled with certain aspects of my job, he couldn’t suggest ways to improve. As a result, my professional development slowed down.Secondly, a serious boss is more likely to maintain a positive office environment. This is because they encourage the people under them to act professionally. For instance, my sister once told me that her first job was difficult because of how toxic her office was. Workers often gossiped, tried to avoid doing their duties and even arrived late. This was acceptable because most of the supervisors in the firm behaved in the exact same way. My sister was miserable because she prides herself on her diligence and her ability to complete her tasks with care and enthusiasm. If her bosses had been more serious, this would not have happened.In conclusion, I believe that experience and seriousness are the hallmarks of a good supervisor. This is because we can learn a lot from a knowledgeable boss, and because employees will strive to emulate a supervisor who acts with professionalism. (387words)Note:This is a sampl e TOEFL independent essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for independent essays. If it is useful, please remember that we havemany more sample essaysfor you to read!

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Qualities of a Good Boss

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Qualities of a Good Boss Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice EssayThe QuestionThe people we work with have many different characteristics and all of them affect the quality of our time at work. Of the following, what do you think is the most important quality for a boss or supervisor to have?a serious attitude about their worka lot of related experiencea tendency to always tell the truthYou may choose more than one. Use specific details and examples in your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayPeople today spend an enormous amount of time at their workplace, and how much they enjoy that time reallydependson the attributes of their supervisor. I am of the opinion that there are two main characteristics of a good boss, which are his attitude and his experience . I will explore these two factors in the following essay.First of all, we are more likely to learn from a supervisor who is very experienced in their field. When we are just starting out in our career we absorb new information like sponges, and even older workers can learn from supervisors who have a lot of related experience. My own personal history is a compelling example of this. When I began working as a teacher ten years ago, my supervisor, Simon, had been working in education for more than ten years. I was just out of college and knew very little about creating effective lesson plans, engaging with students or even how to complete my paperwork. Simon took the time to show me what he had learned over the previous decade, and therefore I was soon able to keep up with my office mates. In contrast, when I moved to a new school earlier this year, my supervisor actually had less experience teaching than I did. Moreover, when I struggled with certain aspects of my job, he couldn’t suggest ways to improve. As a result, my professional development slowed down.Secondly, a serious boss is more likely to maintain a positive office environment. This is because they encourage the people under them to act professionally. For instance, my sister once told me that her first job was difficult because of how toxic her office was. Workers often gossiped, tried to avoid doing their duties and even arrived late. This was acceptable because most of the supervisors in the firm behaved in the exact same way. My sister was miserable because she prides herself on her diligence and her ability to complete her tasks with care and enthusiasm. If her bosses had been more serious, this would not have happened.In conclusion, I believe that experience and seriousness are the hallmarks of a good supervisor. This is because we can learn a lot from a knowledgeable boss, and because employees will strive to emulate a supervisor who acts with professionalism. (387words)Note:This is a sampl e TOEFL independent essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for independent essays. If it is useful, please remember that we havemany more sample essaysfor you to read!

The Map as a Metaphor - Literature Essay Samples

In the poem ‘The Map Woman’, Carol Ann Duffy uses the extended metaphor of a map being printed on a woman’s body to explore ideas surrounding hometowns, childhood and nostalgia. This is immediately introduced in the first line where the reader learns that ‘A woman’s skin was the map of the town where she’d grown from a child.’ In an attempt to hide her hometown from the world, the character covers herself as much as possible due to shame she feels. This climaxes in her shedding her skin in the second to last stanza. With such a metaphor, certain imagery is created in the mind of the reader, such as that of a snake or of the human body. This could ultimately be narrowed down into three main concepts; location, permanence and identity. The extended metaphor used in the poem allows Duffy to show how the woman’s body and the map are one in the same. The figurative language in stanza two links the anatomy of her body with location of different features of her hometown, such as her statement that ‘her veins [are] like shadows below the lines of the map, the river an artery’. The language used suggests that like an ‘artery’ and a ‘vein’, the character needs this map and the features of her town in order to survive. This idea that the character relies on the map is continued later in the same stanza, where she instructs that ‘if you crossed the bridge at her nipple, took a left and a right, you would come to the graves.’ The syntax of this sentence along with the use of the terms ‘left’ and ‘right’, can be interpreted by the reader as the character giving directions. This effect is further emphasized by the poet, through the direct addre ss used in words like ‘you.’ This may be done in order for the reader to feel as though they are in this town and therefore can more closely relate to the main character. The poet not only suggests to the reader that she needs the map for guidance, but also appears as if the character is advertising her hometown to them. Such ideas surrounding reliance however, contrast with the tone throughout the novel; which implies that she wishes to forget about this town as much as possible. However, the reader questions this after the character is able to remember many areas and streets in her hometown, such as ‘Nelson’, ‘Churchill’, ‘Kipling’ and ‘Milton.’ Such memory of all these different locations alludes to the fact that the main character is actually homesick. The extended metaphor of the map on her skin reveals the character’s inner reliance and yearning for her hometown. When compared to the tone, the metaphor is also able to reveal the inner conflict she feels in regards to the attitudes she has towards her home. This inner conflict comes to be expressed through themes surrounding permanence and change; which are continually referenced throughout the poem. These themes are introduced in the first stanza where the map is defined as a ‘birthmark, tattoo’. Both of these are marks on the skin that are permanent however, the difference is in the cause. Birthmarks are natural and from birth, while people choose to have tattoos later in life. With this in mind, the reader may be able to understand the cause of this map in different way. If it is interpreted as a ‘birthmark’, the character may be trying to say how being born in this town automatically and indefinitely left its mark on her. However if it is interpreted as a ‘tattoo’, the character may be trying to state that the map was gained through all of the experiences she has had in her life. Although it is impossible to tell which one is the correct origin, both are equally efficient at showing the inabili ty the women has to detach herself from her town. This effect is further exaggerated through the use of sibilance and list of three to describe her attempts to rid herself of these permanent marks; she ‘sponged, soaped, scrubbed’ at the map. Additionally, this increases the pace of the poem and divulges the characters desperation to clear herself of this map. Although there are ideas surrounding permanence, there are also ideas surrounding change throughout the poem but generally towards the end. Change depicted towards the beginning of the poem is usually perceived just as badly as permanence, as suggested by the ninth line which states that the map grew ‘broad if she binged, thin when she slimmed.’ Even though the character changes, it shows that she is powerless to the impact that her hometown has on her. However by the end of the poem, she states that her ‘new skin barely showed a mark.’ The tone in this part of the poem is one of freedom a nd individuality, as reflected by the idea of a ‘new skin.’ This shows how the poet uses the extended metaphor to explore and contrast the themes of permanence and change to reflect the relationship the character has with her hometown. The change represented through the extended metaphor is heavily applicable to the rediscovery and change of identity in the main character. This change is foreshadowed throughout the entire poem and is portrayed in the form of imagery related to serpents. In the beginning of the poem, the character describes how a river is ‘snaking north’ and the ‘s’ sound created through multiple examples of sibilance; such as ‘Showered’, ‘skin’, ‘street’ and ‘stand’, ‘strangers’, ‘steam’ all refer to snakes. Ideas about cyclicality, through words such as ‘looped’ and ‘repeatedly’ in the seventh stanza, as well a phrase in stanza one stating ‘a precis of where to end or go back or begin’ have connotations with snakes. This is because the poet may be alluding to a famous ancient symbol representing â€Å"eternal return† called the ‘Ouroboros.†™ The symbol depicts a snake eating its own tail to represent the cycle of life, death and rebirth. This cyclical structure is related to the women as it shows her repetition of her life, emotions and experiences. This also links with the escapist dreams she has to get away from her town. The form of the poem also shows this shift in identity. Rather than maintaining the ten line stanzas, in the fourth last stanza the poet changes it to a two line stanza. After this stanza, the women begins to shed her skin. The character question’s ‘What was she looking for?’ in the final stanza. The poet uses the rhetorical question in the final stanza to show the reader that although the map has changed, the women still hasn’t. The question almost invites the reader to see that although a person may change their environment, their identity will never change. This links back with the imagery created by the snake. Overall, it is clear to the reader that like the map, the extended metaphor is used to further reveal the qualities and conflicts within the main character. The locations throughout the poem are used to help place the reader in the position of the character, in order to garner sympathy for the difficulties she has to face. The contrast between the permanence and change of the map and of her identity are used to show the inability to escape the effects of the past. The extended metaphor also allowed the poet to explore her own feelings regarding the life she has had and the shame or fear she feels towards her own town. This makes the reader undoubtedly sure that the extended metaphor is used to reveal hidden emotions.

Why Did The World Ever Become Unequal - 2040 Words

1. The Overarching questions about global development that Professor Jared Diamond wished to answer were as follows: How did Europeans develop advantages in the first place?, Why did the world ever become so unequal?, What separates the haves from the have-nots?, and How have guns, germs, and steel shaped the history of the world? He was prompted to begin exploring these issues when he was visiting Papua New Guinea. He enjoys bird watching and began going to Papua New Guinea when he was twenty-six. He began making regular trips there since then. On one of these trips he met a man on the beach named Yali, and Yali asked him â€Å"Why you white man have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?† This threw Diamond for a loop and from that moment on he began researching and trying to find an answer to Yali’s question. 2. Diamond makes a statement in the documentary in which he says â€Å"The power of Europeans rests on geography.† When he comes to this conclusion he addresses many reasons as to why this is true. The first being the specific geography of people in Papua New Guinea compared to people of Eurasia in the Stone Age period. The people of Papua New Guinea are isolated on an island that is dense with jungle and is wet. In Papua New Guinea there are limited resources for hunting and very limited sources of nutritious food. The main source of food for New Guineans is sago. Sago is stripped from the sago trees that grow in the jungles and even though it is edible itShow MoreRelatedRelationships Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pageshowever they are not so easy to maintain. In the relationships of Biggie and the protagonist in ‘Big World’ and that of Max and Raelene in’ The Turning’ both by Tim Winton, we see relationships forged, and then fall apart very rapidly . 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Summary Of Mark Of Oppression - 968 Words

Although innumerable numbers of African Americans try to overcome their struggles, according to Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color, Black Racial Identity, and Self- esteem Among African Americans, while multitudinous dark-complexioned African Americans view their skin color proudly, others are ambivalent and view their blackness as a â€Å"mark of oppression† (Kardiner Ovesey, 1951). This â€Å"mark of oppression† has come from the way African-Americans have been treated as a whole and throughout the various poems, we will understand exactly what it means to be an African-American. Throughout these poems, we are given the opportunity to behold the benightedness of the black culture, the tedious roles executed by force as well as the crucial victimization and death. African American people are only seen as a color that represents sin and evil. Black as night, a term unmeasurable amounts of white people used to describe African Americans which symbolically w as a phrase thrown out at the disgust of our appearance. My interpretation of these poems formulates in a response to my own poem. â€Å"My skin is older than me, lonely and as absent as I ever could be. I want to be like the rest of the crowd but 20 years from now I don’t want to be buried in the ground. My love hangs by a tree, a naked shadow which represents the soul of me. And now on my knee, I regret my pleas for my lover s life to live beyond the lynching in the trees. I am a Negro; my color is black andShow MoreRelatedThe North And South Fought The Civil War811 Words   |  4 Pagesjust focused on different moral issues. 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Among the remains of Jefferson is Emily’s house which appears to be the summary of what has become of the wealthy and noble in Jefferson. The description of the house in itself creates a haunting atmosphere. The â€Å"stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps,† coupled with the â€Å"cemetery†, â€Å"crackedRead MoreThe Cultural And Racial Unity Of All Indige nous People1496 Words   |  6 Pagesindigeneity and want makes the Indians distinct. Nevertheless, one can also study to what extent the state’s plan worked in their favour, and in what ways did the homogenising plan play against them and outcome they had intended. The Mexican Revolution marks a turning point in the state’s attitudes towards the indigenous people. Before the succession of events that span from 1910 to 1920, the indigenous were considered the weaker race, according to the intellectual trend of ‘scientific racism’. FollowingRead MoreSocial Problem Of The 21st Century2060 Words   |  9 Pages Systemic Oppression in America By: Justin The most critical social problem of the 21st century is Capitalism. Capitalism today is what use to be the color line as defined in the early 1900s by W. E. B Du Bois as: the question of the relation of the advanced races of men who happened to be white to the great majority of the undeveloped or half-developed nations of mankind who happen to be yellow, brown or black (Karenga). As Du Bois researched the color line, Capitalism in America is

The Social Communication Era - 1478 Words

The internet have opened up more opportunities of communication and socializing at vast distances across the world. People are able to send and receive information at their convenience which made the internet the habitat of social communication. Millions of people are using various web-based social networking services such as Facebook, twitter, Instagram, My space, What’s app, Skype; just a few to mention, to communicate, stay connected and as a source of freedom of expression. The use of these systems emerges serious social and moral influences on people and their societies. In this article I would illustrate a few issues that I believed is a growing concern and needs to be reconsidered in the evolution of the social communication era. Facebook, Instagram and what’s app are very effective and efficient social network service that is commonly used today by adults, teenagers and children. These far-reaching interaction web-based media, embeds the unethical act of cyber bullying. According to Michael J. Quinn (2012), â€Å"Cyberbullying is the use of the Internet or the phone system to inflict psychological harm on another person. Frequently, a group of persons gangs up to cyberbully the victim.† (pg141). Examples of cyberbullying include mean text messages or emails, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles. More frequently among children and teenagers, are the likelihood to be targeted by this immoralShow MoreRelatedThe Uses And Gratifications Research Of Mass Communication Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesgratifications research of Mass Communication is still relevant in the modern world as well as considering the possibility that the Era of Mass Communication has ended completely. According to Thomas E. Ruggiero, the uses and gratifications are evolving to approach towards the new mass communication form, from the early years of newspaper, radio and television, an d now the Internet (Ruggiero, 2000). These technologies are used to reach large audiences for media purposes. Internet and social networking has becomeRead MorePolice Enforcement Has Behind The World Of Technology972 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction From the night watch in Boston, to the present day policing, law enforcement has behind in the world of technology. As time rolled through the political era, professional era, and community-oriented era, police patrols would use the rapidly advancing technology in their favor. Those were desperate times for policemen in a hostile country with unpaved streets and uneven sidewalks, sometimes miles from the police station, with little prospects of assistance in case of need.... It tookRead MoreThe Technology of Cellphones1164 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The mobile phone is making more significant changes to people’s lifestyles in contemporary times than the landline equivalent did in an earlier era. The technology of a telephone on the move has made a more significant impact on today’s society as compared to the impact made by landlines in an earlier era. A survey carried out in 2010 by UK Imperial College London, identified more than six billion users of mobile phones worldwide. Most of them have used both a mobile and a landline andRead MoreTrends of Social Networking1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe growth of social networking is one of the fastest growing digital trends to exist. Many social networking sites boast with millions if not billions of members. Prominent examples of these social sites are Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Members of these networks use them daily to communicate, share various types of information or to collaborate with other members. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 and its sole purpose is to give people the power to share and connect with the world.Read MoreThe Victorian Er The Beginnings Of A Modern World1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Victorian Era: The Beginnings of a Modern World In 1837, eighteen-year-old Victoria became Queen of England. She ushered in a new era of prosperity and progress. During Victoria’s reign, Great Britain was the most powerful nation in the world. â€Å"By 1882 Britain was in the later stages of acquiring the largest empire the world has ever seen† (Evans). During this time, Britain also emerged as the most powerful trading nation in the world. This sparked a social and economic revolutionRead MoreCase Study on Communicating with the Millennials Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesCommunicating With the Millennials Essentially, communication has become the most indispensable element in an institution in determining the organizational success. An institution cannot exist without communication, especially the type of communication that keeps the employees up to date and well-informed about the organization’s vision and strategies as well as to help every individual in the company to work together with a common purpose. The communication between the employer and its employees areRead MoreA Look at the Final Chapter of Timothy Glander’s Book, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and C1149 Words   |  5 Pagesof Timothy Glander’s book, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and Contemporary Implications (2000) stands as a disappointing example of academic research becoming hijacked by the author’s personal opinion. Focusing on the hidden nature of propaganda in Ame rican life, his concluding chapter presents a very drastic view of the individuals who crafted the academic subject now known as mass communications. I see the need for investigating the statusRead MoreMedia and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Mass Communications development on a Healthy Mature Culture This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferredRead MoreGraphic Design Style Of The Victorian Era1681 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial Revolution in the Victorian Era there was a social and economic change as the world developed. There was the first printed book and first movable type, there were new printing press, first san-serifs, and first brand loyalty. However, with their ability to easily recreate designs, they replaced craft mans with cheaper and faster production, and art and craft were sacrificed for speed and quality; designs became tasteless. The design style of the Victoria Era was too busy, detailed and separa tedRead MoreThe Digital Era: The Development of Science and Technology Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesWith the development of science and technology, our life relies on digital products much more than in previous decades. What has the digital era brought to people? Digital activities have been helping us in many fields, ranging from daily life to scientific research and from automated production to school learning. We can get information from all over the world in a timely way via Internet; we can shop online at home instead of going out; also we can having business trades with other by using some

Comment On The Juvenile Justice System - 943 Words

Comment on the increased punitiveness in juvenile justice. When is it appropriate to have cases involving murder or rape be heard in juvenile courts, and when should they be heard in adult court? Please be specific. It has been understood by society that juveniles have been committing more serious crimes while the juvenile justice system had also become lenient with juvenile offenders. They were only getting a ‘slap on the risk’ as some members of society interpreted it, by the juvenile justice. This therefore led to a massive response from many state legislators who decided to enforced punitive laws to control juvenile serious crimes (Witehead Lab, 2015) These laws have been enforced to prevent future juvenile offenders from committing serious crimes. Additionally some of the punitive laws which were implemented enable juvenile offenders who have committed serious crimes to be removed from the juvenile justice system to the adult justice system. Some also suggested that the justice system is to treat juveniles who have committed serious crimes as criminals within their jurisdiction in the juvenile courts. This they suggested will be as an example to other juveniles who intended to commit serious in the future to be treated as criminals and in some states prosecutors can file some cases directly in the criminal court than in the juvenile court (Lawrence Hesse, 2009 Pg. 21). In regards to cases of rape and murder, as a researcher I hold to the opinion that the parents andShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Juvenile Justice System Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesYouth and juvenile crime is a common and serious issue in current society, and people, especially parents and educators, are pretty worried about the trend of this problem. According to Bala and Roberts, around 17% of criminals were youths, compared to 8% of Canadian population ranging between 12 to 18 years of age between 2003 and 2004 (2006, p37). As a big federal country, Canada has taken a series of actions since 1908. So far, there are three justice acts in the history of Canadian juvenile justiceRead MoreThe Frontline Episode : When Kids Get Life923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Frontline episode â€Å"When Kids Get Life† serves as a reminder for how the criminal justice system sometimes drops the proverbial ball when it comes to juveniles. Time after time, situations arise and are brought to the attention of the Department of Social Services. Whether they are overlooked or lost somehow, they are deprived of the help they need. The system fails children who are crying for help, and the results are sometimes fatal. Circumstances lead to the loss of life, not only for theRead MoreThe Origins Of Juvenile Justice1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthe origins of juvenile justice, from the house of refuge to the juvenile programs of today. Ans: In the early nineteenth century, the idea of reforming youth offenders took root in the United States. The House of Refuge in New York, which opened in 1824, was the first juvenile house of reform in the United States. This was the first attempt to house juvenile offenders in a separate facility and other States, like Maryland, would soon follow suit. The idea was not to punish juveniles offenders as adultsRead MoreEntry Into The Court System, By Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, And David Mueller1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe reading I chose to reflect on was chapter three,† Entry into the Court System† from the book â€Å"Criminal Justice Case Briefs, Significant Cases in Juvenile Justice† by Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, and David Mueller. I chose to write about the process of the pretrial or â€Å"intake† phase because it has not been determined by the Supreme Court as critical in juvenile proceedings. Consequently juveniles do not have the right to be represented by counsel during this meeting and if they chose toRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Week 8 Jose1344 Words   |  6 PagesThis term paper looks at an account involving a juvenile delinquent Josà © and juvenile delinquents in broad and those in disagreement with the rule and the law in particular. It scrutinizes the status or condition of the American juvenile justice arrangement or system and tries to explore the motive or the grounds behind children finally resorting to delinquent vices in concurrence with the offences they usually engage in are indicted of committing. Even as the study investigates both social and culturalRead MoreJuveniles Getting Adult Jail Sentences: A Persuasive Essay1526 Words   |  6 PagesJuveniles getting Adult Jail Sentence s Should juveniles get adult jail sentences? In todays society juvenile offenders are facing the law to full force, in two court systems. Not only are they tried in the juvenile justice system, but also charged as adults. The issue of charging juveniles as adults has stirred various views owing to the violent crimes committed by the young offenders. Politicians comment that the best solution is to lock up juvenile offenders for a long time and ignore rehabilitationRead More Juveniles Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pages As I entered the juvenile detention facility on 150th, I began to wonder about the female detainee I was going to interview regarding placement. I am sitting in a locked room with a desk, two (2) chairs and a large plexie glass window. As the staff arrived she was accompanied with Farouka (the name has been changed to protect confidentiality). Farouka is a 14-year-old Caucasian/Hispanic female small in stature, wearing county quot;bluesquot; (issued clothing). She appeared fearful and teary eyedRead MoreThank You At Kingston University893 Words   |  4 Pagesmannered, disciplined, law abiding and somewhat different from today’s youth. However, Humphries, (1994: 21) (cited at London Gangs† 2008) disputed this position, acknowledging that there is nothing new about gangs and street violence, and in reality juvenile crime is deeply rooted in our past. Regardless of whether gangs and guns are historic or a new phenomenon recently a series of tragic and high-profile shootings has raised the issue of gang and gang membership in both the public consciousness andRead MoreDepartment Of Juvenile Justice System Essay2336 Words   |  10 PagesDepartment of Juvenile Justice Organization description Florida Legislatures created the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice in 1994 to serve as the state agency responsible for youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Although the state agency is under the authority of the state governor, Secretary Christina Daly, who provides leadership for the organization, each circuit has a leadership team who runs the daily operation of each sub-department. The Department’s headquarterRead MoreJuvenile Justice System : Past, Present, And Future2137 Words   |  9 PagesJuvenile Justice System; Past, Present, and Future The juvenile system in the United States has a long history but varies from state to state. â€Å"It started around 170 years ago, with the opening of Massachusetts’ Lyman School for Boys in 1846 (Miller, 1991), American reformers began experimenting with a â€Å"new† approach to troubled youth† according to Patrick McCarthy author of the article â€Å"The Future of Youth Justice: A Community-Based Alternative to the Youth Prison Model†. The juvenile justice system

Standards Discipline “Discipline” Video Case Study Free Essays

Facilitator: Watching the video twice often ensures that participants are prepared to discuss the issues. Remember that SSG John Diem volunteered to share this story and served admirably and heroically in combat. Video summary: John Diem discusses the importance of discipline within the unit and the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Standards Discipline: â€Å"Discipline† Video Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Just because you are overseas does not mean you do not continue to follow rules/standards/disciplines. You may not understand the reasoning behind these rules, but as professionals, you are expected to enforce and adhere to them. Length: 2:59 ? SSG Diem says, â€Å"When you allow your lack of understanding of these rules to become how you lead Soldiers and you allow yourself to discount them, that’s when you start having a negative effect. † o What should a leader do when they don’t understand Army rules standards? o Have your group write down and discuss when they’ve enforced a particular standard. ? Diem says, â€Å"So I don’t expect lieutenants, sergeants, privates, even staff-sergeants to understand all of these rules. But I think the Army has the right to expect them to enforce them. † o What do you think of this statement? o How can a leader use their military expertise to learn rules in order to enforce them? o Ask the group to share what impact a leader’s misunderstanding of rules or SOPs had on them as a subordinate? ? Diem also said, of upholding standards, â€Å"You have to find when to ease up on that and (when to) harshly enforce it. † o How can â€Å"easing up† on a standard affect the performance of duties? How to cite Standards Discipline: â€Å"Discipline† Video Case Study, Free Case study samples

HIV Transmission Prevention Essay Example For Students

HIV Transmission Prevention Essay The percentage of HIV transmission from mother to child can be prevented in a number of ways. I. The AZT treatment is one way to prevent HIV. A. AZT is a drug that decreases mother to child transmission of HIV. B. AZT is given to the HIV positive mother throughout her pregnancy. II. HIV can be contracted through breast-feeding. A. There is a 14% chance of transmission of HIV from mother to child through breast-feeding. B. There are alternatives to breast-feeding, such as formula and a milk bank. 1. Alternatives to breast-feeding have their bad sides. 2. Breast-feeding can be made safer. III. HIV testing in pregnant women can lower HIV transmission from mother to child. A. HIV testing in pregnant women is a good idea. 1. Mother who knows their HIV status can make informed choices about their pregnancy. 2. Voluntary HIV testing in pregnant women has a very low success rate. 3. Women are scared of the test results. 4. Prenatal HIV testing is less costly than treating the mother and the child for HIV. B. Mandatory testing for HIV in pregnant women also has its down sides. 1. Women could be scared away from the health care system. 2. Tests may not be confidential. Preventing HIV Transmission from Mother to Child In 1993, approximately 7,000 HIV-infected women gave birth in the United States. Of those newborns, 1,000 to 2,000 are infected with HIV-now the seventh leading cause of death in children aged 1 to 4 (Gordon and Hooker). HIV in children is becoming more and more widespread and there is still no cure for it. The most common way children contract HIV is through their mother. The percentage of HIV transmission from mother to child can be prevented in a number of ways. One of the ways HIV transmission from mother to child can be prevented is through AZT treatment. AZT is a drug that is given to HIV positive mothers, which can decrease mother to child transmission by 67.5 percent (Gordon and Hooker). The mother is given five doses of AZT a day for the last six months of her pregnancy and then four doses during labor and an AZT syrup is given to the newborn for six weeks after birth (Gordon and Hooker). AZT is the only drug approved for preventing HIV transmission from mother to child (Women and HIV 10). Mothers choosing to not breast-feed their children can also prevent HIV transmission. The chance that a newborn can contract HIV from their mothers breast milk is up to 14 percent (Kent). In October 1995 the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations FDA consumer magazine said Women who are HIV positive should not breast-feed (Kent). Even though the percentage of mother to child transmission through breast milk is low, there is still that small chance and any chance that a child could contract HIV is too much. There are alternatives to breast-feeding such as formula or using breast milk from a milk bank (Kent). Though these alternatives are better than taking the chance of transmitting HIV to a child, they too have their bad sides. The use of formula, for example, poses a risk of the newborn getting diarrhea and other life threatening diseases (Kent). Breast milk can be heated to lessen the chances of the child contracting HIV, but there is still that small yet deadly chance. HIV testing in pregnant women could also help stop the transmission of HIV from mother to child. With a mothers knowledge of HIV status she could be counseled appropriately so she could choose whether of not to go on with the pregnancy, fully aware of the risks HIV could pose on her child (Gostin 65). If a mother is unaware that she has HIV the baby is denied the opportunity to get treatment. .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .postImageUrl , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:hover , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:visited , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:active { border:0!important; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:active , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus Essay Its killing kids who dont have to die (Gordon and Hooker). At this time HIV testing in pregnant women is voluntary and has a very low success rate. Women wont take the HIV test because they refuse to believe that they are at risk and they are scared of the results (Gordon and Hooker). Making HIV testing mandatory in pregnant women could save a lot of childrens lives. Most HIV infected children dont make it to the age of 4 and the rest will fdie before their teens (Gordon and Hooker). Mandatory HIV testing and AZT treatment is also less costly for the Health Care System then treating a mother and her child for HIV for the .

Corporate Finance Of The Organization - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance Of The Organization. Answer: INTRODUCTION In todays management system of organisations, capital budgeting plays an important part as all long term risks in investments and expenditures can be calculated by applying different techniques and analysis(Creative Commons, 2012). By making a proper planning and evaluation, overall costs of operations in company are reduced and avoids under or over investments. Capital budgeting provides an essential tool for the management and gives a wide scope for managers to make analysis of project costs and their significance for the company. There are several techniques which are considered by managers while making capital budgeting for the company(Edupristine, 2017). Some of the traditional and modern ways those are followed while budgeting are shown in the following figure. Figure: Techniques for Capital budgeting Source: (Kumar, 2016) Capital budgeting techniques is essential tool while making analysis of larger projects. Some limitations have been identified by researchers while following traditional methods and to manipulate unfavourable projects, superior tools are required. While evaluating projects, evaluators may arise to ask questions relating cash outflows following payback dates and time required to recover those cash flows or what shall be the NPV after calculating discount rates. Thus well improved and related evaluation techniques has to be considered to make appropriate assumptions like Sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, simulation techniques and break-down analysis. These are few modern techniques which are used by the financial management of todays business and to understand these tools, a detailed research have been made in this paper to provide assistance to managers while preparing capital budgets for the company(Lawrence, n.d.). SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensitivity analysis is one of the management tools that are used to analyse organisations scenarios to evaluate crucial and non crucial variables on the net profits of the company. Sensitivity analysis is also used by management while decision making to ascertain possible relationship between components of proposed ventures involvement in profitability, liquidity and working capital of the company. To determine the receptiveness of net present value (NPV) to variables those are utilised for calculating it is the main task of sensitivity analysis along with measuring risks. This is due to the process of evaluating investment prospects using NPV is supported by assumptions based on forecasting, therefore making it tentative. Sensitivity analysis can also measure the changes in variables and assumptions that can bear force on bottom lining of cash flow and profiteering of venture. Managers can have an idea about ventures success for the business while evaluating the assurance of resour ces for new project. Some professionals also assumes sensitivity analysis as risk assessment tool and claims that since this method is based on assumptions, ambiguity into investments is probable while incorporating this tool in decision making(Pannel, 2017). Sensitivity analysis carries simple features and uncomplicated theory unlike other accounting theories where there is a need for detailed study. This theory identifies crucial areas while attaining organisational goals as stated in vision of the company statement and thus helps managements in concentrating while discharging duties to the employees. It also helps in identifying susceptible areas which can be directly scrutinized. The data processed while making analysis can enable professional judgement while allocating managerial responsibilities. Sensitivity analysis softwares that are available in the market can perform calculations in simpler and fast manner by putting in the variables and getting results that can help in making quick decisions. Thus by evaluating future results, the management can give attention in implementing eminence control to determine the success in their investment on ventures. The weakness sensitivity analysis contains is that it is not fundamental in nat ure as it judges only changes made in variables. Taking into account the possibility of changes in variables are not made in analysis. Thus sensitivity analysis alone cannot judge and make final decisions in budgeting and provides only the informations that can be interpreted in further analysis(Chinweike, 2013). BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS Break-Even analysis is one another important tool used by managers to evaluate economic viability of new venture. The point in which profits are equal to costs is called the breakeven point and at that time no profit or loss is assumed. It can also be interpreted in sales i.e. break even sales unit required to cover overall costs. Sales which are found below cost levels are resulted losses and sales above cost levels are deemed profits made by company. Not always breakeven point is determined in producing products to cross sales level but sometimes certain profit returns are desired in investments. If it is not realised then selling substantial amount of products may result in assuming loss for the company(Holland, 1998). Thus breakeven can prove an effective tool in making decisions regarding quantity of goods to be produced in new venture to gain revenue. Fixed costs and variable costs are utilised in making break-even analysis in which fixed costs are those overhead costs those ar e invariable and does not change even if there is a change in output level. Variable costs are opposite in nature and changes with level of outputs and are inconstant and frequently settled on per unit base. The meeting in breakeven point after assuming fixed selling price and fixed variable costs determines the actual profits and cost of production by deducting selling price and variable costs. The regular shifting in costs relating sales and variables makes inconstant results in calculating break-even points which makes the process difficult at decision making stage. Thus break-even shall be calculated on customary basis so that any reflection in costs and prices is recognised and maintained immediately by adjusting the process. The following graph can explain the actual breakeven point meeting. Figure: Break-Even Point Source: (Linda, 2017) In the above figure the horizontal lines shows fixed costs that are constant and lines on the top are variable costs that relates volume and increment and decrement in production and sales. Total costs can be summed up by adding them and the revenue line that starts from zero depicts the sales figure at certain price and quantity. The point at which total costs and revenue lines meet is the break-even point. Many new ventures face losses at the early stages when the breakeven points are on below level and to know the price and quantity it is important to evaluate critically during the decision making time so that losses are analysed before handed. This analysis can help in evaluating short term companys goals and since cost analysis is mandatory it focuses in keeping association between manufacturing and selling. One drawback that breakeven analysis is that claim is supposed to be inelastic and states that high price will make profit curvature steeper and lesser the breakeven point. There are times when customers agrees in paying high rates but the conditions may depend on other factors like alternative availability and cost of switching products. Therefore break even analysis is helpful in assuming the volume of sales and revenues but not demand in products or services of new venture(Tsorakidis, n.d.) SCENARIO ANALYSIS Scenario analysis is a strategic tool to analyse decisions after considering several factors and probable outcomes. This tool is not a prognostic method but an analytical management tool to manage business ambiguity. For example it can reflect how NPV would fluctuate under elevated or stumpy inflations by investments. It can also help managers to make out actual amount of outcomes that can be realised. Scenario analysis can be further differentiated into three scenarios i.e. base case, worst case and best case that depends on the circumstances of the scenarios. Decision making is a complex process and to make investment budget decisions is the most delicate and significant part as long term implications depends entirely on it(Brzakovi?, 2016). On other hand it can also be said that budgeting process is unpredictability of cash flow of ventures while relating to cash flow expectation. The major risk factors associated in budgeting are determined in scenario analysis as any sensitivity to change in major factors and possibility of their changes are analysed. If the factors in venture is of interdependent nature, an insight into its amalgamation of factors are provided by scenario analysis that also shows how can the venture look dissimilar in other scenarios. Thus it is widely utilised by several companies to evaluate projects budget decisions. It allows allocating possibilities to different cases, as mentioned above, and find out the expected result and paradigm in divergence of ventures NPV for getting enhanced knowledge of risk that are related to venture. The stages while making scenario analysis is shown in the following figure that are used by managements while making budget decisions. Figure: Stages in scenario analysis Source: (Jackson, 2010) Scenario analysis allows altering variables and can generate several combined effects while making amendments on NPV and hence can bring in the likelihood of changes among key factors. The initial base analysis shows that the venture is satisfactory but when multiplied by different scenarios, the possibility of NPV for each scenario by adding to the product is expected to be higher than the NPV of the base case scenario. Wide range of possibilities is and considered while making initial budgeting and any negative value recommends that the venture is risk oriented. Since scenario analysis normally shows higher risks, to accept the venture or not becomes questionable for the managers. Thus simulation analysis shall be carried to find acceptable answer. SIMULATION TECHNIQUE Simulation techniques utilises numerical data to stature the standard outcome of scenario analysis. Different statistical inputs like inflation rate, market risk, etc. are distributed and estimated by running simulations to check the way they changes according to their distributions and ultimate affects. The estimated output is found out after averaging the statistical data outputs. Simulation techniques are used widely where multiple inputs changes constantly which can also be unrelated. Simulation analysis are also used for estimating bond prices but are majorly used while making initial budgeting i.e. the base case(DENT, 2012). Management utilises statistical methods when accounts becomes complex and all interconnected factors those affects financial outcomes becomes inflexible. This method deciphers problems by stimulating the highlighted processes and calculates the average outcome of the method(Ray, 2014). Simulation technique can be further divided into two phase in which fact ual system is build and then research is made on that model. The phase of modelling can prove useful as it helps in gaining enhanced perceptive of the formation and its process in complex systems. The experimental phase of simulation technique is also beneficial as inter related and sequential aspects of complicated methods can be integrated in the model. Simulation techniques does not solves models like other linear and dynamic programming techniques and thus this technique is not used for defining process of most favourable operational strategy. This technique can stimulate several sources of improbability like market changes, default risk, inflation, etc. which affects the company portfolio or budget investments and estimates a representative value. On the other hand it can also be said that this technique helps in finding the average outcome after alteration is made in the inputs. For using simulation techniques, many computer software packages are utilised by the managers in wh ich NPVs are calculated by picking randomly selected variables and then calculates mean and standard deviation. This mean or standard deviation value is used by managers to determine the expected NPV of new venture and risk associated in them. This technique is more precise as compared to sensitivity analysis as sensitivity analysis utilises restricted number of cases(Montazer, 2003). CONCLUSION Thus by utilising different techniques and analysis tools, managers can gain the opportunity of reducing risks and revaluate decisions about their ventures. It helps managers to decide whether to invest in new projects or to terminate any existing unprofitable project. In this research paper the techniques utilised for risk determination in capital budgeting and to evaluate future prospects of projects have been stated(Karanovic, 2010). These can give managers a platform to make a selection of alternative techniques according to their project. By predicting cash flow values, mangers can predict analysed risks and also make out decisions after applying different project values to change the estimated risks. Thus they are enabled to decide whether to take a project or not since observations regarding risks and probability are made before implementations(Chambers, 2017). REFERENCES Chinweike, 2013. What is Sensitivity Analysis? [Online] Available at: https://www.accountantnextdoor.com/what-is-sensitivity-analysis/ [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Creative Commons, 2012. Capital Budgeting Decision Making. [Online] Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/finance-for-managers/s13-capital-budgeting-decision-mak.html [Accessed 12 September 2017]. DENT, A.W.a.J.B., 2012. THE APPLICATION OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF GRAZING SYSTEMS. [Online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1969.tb00062.x/pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Edupristine, 2017. Capital Budgeting: Techniques Importance. [Online] Available at: https://www.edupristine.com/blog/capital-budgeting-techniques [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Goran Karanovic, S.B.a.S.B., 2010. TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGING PROJECTS RISK IN CAPITAL BUDGETING PROCESS. [Online] Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/obitstream/10419/49182/1/666054274.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Holland, R., 1998. Break-Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://ag.tennessee.edu/cpa/Information%20Sheets/adc3.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Jackson, A., 2010. Scenario Analysis: Planning for Uncertain Futures. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/8of12/scenario-analysis-planning-for-uncertain-futures [Accessed 12 September 2017]. John C. Chambers, S.K.M.a.D.D.S., 2017. How to Choose the Right Forecasting Technique. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1971/07/how-to-choose-the-right-forecasting-technique [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Kumar, S., 2016. 3 Traditional Methods of Capital Budgeting | Financial Analysis. [Online] Available at: (https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/capital-budgeting/methods-of-evaluation/3-traditional-methods-of-capital-budgeting-financial-analysis/68012/ [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Lawrence, H., n.d. The Use of Modern Capital Budgeting Techniques. [Online] Available at: https://www.maesc.org/maesc02/FullPapers/b5-1-doc.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Linda, 2017. Break Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/accounting/break-even-analysis.php [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Ali Montazer, K.E.a.H.A., 2003. SIMULATION MODELING IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: A Sampling of Applications. [Online] Available at: https://www.pomsmeetings.org/ConfProceedings/001/Papers/PSC-04.4.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Nikolaos Tsorakidis, S.P.M.Z.a.C.Z., n.d. Break Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/gdlc1/gdlc4/Arts_and_Science_Books/commerce/economics/Business%20Economics/Books/Break%20Even%20Analysis.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Pannel, D.J., 2017. Sensitivity analysis: strategies, methods, concepts, examples. [Online] Available at: https://dpannell.fnas.uwa.edu.au/dpap971f.htm [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Ray, P., 2014. Applications of simulation in Business with Example. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/PratimaRay/applications-of-simulation-in-business-with-example [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Tomislav Brzakovi?, A.B.a.J.P., 2016. APPLICATION OF SCENARIO ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTMENT PROJECTS EVALUATION. [Online] Available at: https://www.ea.bg.ac.rs/images/Arhiva/2016/Broj%202/10%20EP%202%202016.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017].

Writing a Sample Essays For College Admission Tests

Writing a Sample Essays For College Admission TestsA sample essay is one of the best ways to get an idea on how to write a good college essay. Essay writing can be an intimidating task because of all the different styles and techniques that you must learn. In fact, if you have no experience writing essays, it can be even more difficult. In order to ease your burden, and to find some helpful advice, you should look at some sample essays that you can follow.The first samples that you may want to check out are from other people's works. You should be careful when reading this first, because you need to realize that there are people who are better at writing than you. That does not mean that you cannot be good at writing too. There are many ways to learn how to write well, and the most important thing to remember is that you do not have to do it all in one sitting. Over time, you will be able to learn how to be a professional, but for now, practice is key.Also, you should read a lot of e ssay samples to see what others are doing right and what they are doing wrong. This can help you understand your style better, which can then make it easier for you to learn. It is very likely that you will be writing these essays for college admission tests. This will allow you to take your time and ensure that you are putting in all the effort necessary. If you are rushed, you may miss a great opportunity.When you are ready, you should start looking at sample essays. These are going to be a great guide, as long as you are careful to do some research. Once you find a few different samples, you should try to learn as much as you can.For example, if you are applying for a job in a large company, you will want to write a sample essay that is long and detailed. But, you need to realize that this essay does not have to be similar to other sample essays that you have seen before.Sometimes, all you need to do is make a small change to the sample essay and then throw it out into the world. Do not make the changes too dramatically, as you do not want to scare away your potential employer. Just make sure that you use the essay as a way to learn about yourself and where you fit in the market. This is the same technique that you should use when you are doing research for an essay writing for college admission test.This strategy is also a good way to be able to use the essay for college admission test. Even if you are not interested in getting a job in that company, you can still use the essay to determine whether or not you are going to apply for that position. This could help you land the job, and in some cases, you may even get hired over someone who did not have the right sample essay to help them in the process.

Research Proposal on Ecotourism Essay Example

Research Proposal on Ecotourism Essay Ecotourism is a modern form of recreation in nature, providing an unstable using of nature and sustainable development of natural areas. Thus, ecotourism is not only a kind of nature-based tourism, which brings together people who are traveling with the purpose of the scientific and cognitive studying of surrounding natural and cultural environment, but also the opportunity to be an active defender of the environment. World practice of ecotourism has proven that it is economically and environmentally verified business model, which lets preserve nature more successful than other types of economic activity or severe restrictions on recreation. Today, ecotourism is a journey into the untouched corners of nature, some alternative form of relaxation and recreation oriented towards new values, especially to the close contact with nature. Yet there are many definitions proposed to identify the essence of the concept of â€Å"ecotourism.† The reasons for the growing interest in ecotourism is sustainable environmental deterioration. And as the future trend of urbanization and pollution of natural areas will increase, the growing interest in ecotourism will increase. The main advantages of ecotourism ensuring its rapid development in the modern world is a sustainable development of the areas used for ecotourism, environmental nature of the ecotourism programs and technologies, the use of market mechanisms to form environmental outlook of the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Ecotourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Ecotourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Ecotourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, the high attractiveness of ecotourism is explained by unique and exotic natural objects and phenomena that are conserved only in protected areas. For example, 48% of tourists arriving in Latin America are intended to travel to wildlife reserves. The management of many national parks, wildlife reserves makes ecological excursions into the real show. An example would be the Yellowstone National Park in the United States, where the duration of excursions is designed to minutes and associated with periods of geysers activity. Very often, such natural sites shows, especially those in caves, are accompanied by color lighting, music, theatrical performances, demonstrating scenes from the lives of Aboriginal people. This kind of ecotourism is most developed in Australia, so it is identified with the Australian model ecotourism. Our planet has a huge tourism and recreational potential for the development of highly profitable and promising industry – tourism industry. The most attractive targets for ecotourism in the first place are unique natural features (waterfalls, cliffs, canyons, geysers, caves), rare and exotic fauna and flora, highly aesthetic natural and cultural landscapes, objects, natural and historical heritage. Economic and social benefits that ecotourism provides are immense. These include increased economic stability of the territories involved in recreational use by creating new jobs and bringing into the service the local population, improving its living standards and reduce social tensions, etc. To get more relevant data on the issue, study free example research proposal paper on ecotourism. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Ecotourism topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

A Guide to Spanishs Future Tense

A Guide to Spanishs Future Tense The conjugation of the future indicative tense in Spanish is easiest of all the conjugations. It is the same for all three types of verbs (-ar, -er and -ir), and the ending is attached to the infinitive instead of a verb stem. Furthermore, there are few verbs that are irregular in the future tense, and those that are are still recognizable. Future Tense Conjugation The following list shows the future tense endings using the example of hablar(to speak). The endings are in boldface: yo hablarà © (I will speak)tà º hablars (you will speak)à ©l, ella, usted hablar (he, she, you will speak)nosotros, nosotras hablaremos (we will speak)vosotros, vosotras hablarà ©is (you will speak)ellos, ellas, ustedes hablarn (they, you will speak) Note how the same conjugation is used for an -ir verb: yo dormirà © (I will sleep)tà º dormirs (you will sleep)à ©l, ella, usted dormir (he, she, you will sleep)nosotros, nosotras dormiremos (we will sleep)vosotros, vosotras dormirà ©is (you will sleep)ellos, ellas, ustedes dormirn (they, you will sleep) Most of the verbs that are irregular in the future tense modify the stem but leave the endings the same as above. For example, the future tense conjugation of decir is dirà ©, dirs, dir, diremos, dirà ©is, dirn. There arent a lot of verbs that are irregular in the future, as even some verbs that are highly irregular (such as ir and ser) stay regular for the future tense. Among the most common irregular verbs and the stems used are caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), hacer (har-), poner (pondr-), poder (podr-), salir (saldr-), tener (tendr-), valer (valdr-) and venir (vendr-). Uses of the Future Tense While the conjugation (except for the few irregular verbs) is easy, what can be confusing is the uses of the future tense. As its name implies, the future tense is often used in discussing things that will happen. As in the above examples, the future tense frequently becomes the equivalent of the English will followed by the verb. ​Tendrà © tres hijos, I will have three children. Nadar maà ±ana, she will swim tomorrow. The future tense of Spanish also has two other common uses: The suppositional future - The future tense can be used to indicate likelihood or probability in the present. The translation will depend on the context; in question form, it can indicate uncertainty. Sern las nueve, its probably 9 oclock. Tendrs hambre, you must be hungry.  ¿Quà © horas sern? I wonder what time it is. Estar enferma, shes most likely sick. Emphatic command - As in English, the future tense can be used to indicate an intense demand. Comers la espinaca, you WILL eat the spinach. Saldrs a las nueve, you WILL leave at 9.

Special Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Special Education - Case Study Example Her teachers have decided to put her under self-containment because she is a slow learner and, for that reason, cannot study in the same classroom as her fellow classmates. As her teachers explain, she has a developmental reading disorder that affects the normal learning process for her. This disorder affected the student so much that she has developed some behavioral problems in addition to her inability to progress in her education (Bradford, 2009). Her performance has been stagnant from her first exposure to learning, illustrating that she is not meeting her educational goals as expected. Past Experiences Based on the information provided by her teachers and educators, we are made to understand that her problem was first recognized in her first form, and she could not engage in simple learning activities like her fellow students. She has problems with reading, and has trouble recognizing written words. She also has trouble engaging in simple rhyming activities that are part of the learning process for children her age, and cannot make meaning and ideas of simple sentences. This has, in turn, affected her overall learning experience and outcome, especially in language and linguistics. IEP Appropriateness Having established that student X is a special needs student, there is need to develop an individualized education program (IEP) to assist this student in achieving her educational goals. Because student X suffers from dyslexia, the IEP will facilitate the attainment of the student’s educational goals much faster than she otherwise could. Goals and Objectives The goals and objectives of this IEP case include: To ensure that student X meets her educational goals by the end of the year. This will be evaluated through the performance of other students in her class. To dissuade the behavioral problems that student X experiences and to improve the social skills of student X. To ensure an improvement of perpetual skills in student X, allowing the student to read and understand what she is taught in class. To train student X’s educators on different instructional methods that they can use to help student X attain her educational goals and objectives. To restructure the regular class curriculum so that it accommodates student X, allowing the student to mix with the others, hence building on her social skills. Educational Standards The goals and objectives of this IEP are also aimed at improving the educational standards of the school where student X studies (Bradford, 2009). The relation between the goals and the standards is both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the goals and objectives will assist both the student and her educator in reaching their individual standards for education. Environmental Demands To successfully implement this IEP case, there are various environmental demands that need to be met, in relation to the classroom setting and the activities to be carried out during this process. Classroom Arrangement The classroom arrangement in any IEP case is very crucial for the success of the program. It is through a proper classroom arrangement, that the instructor can effectively and efficiently teach student X to ensure educational success. Student X needs to be placed in a classroom that is not too congested and not too spacious to distract the student during learning. Additionally, the arrangement will be in such a way that

Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 62

Outline - Essay Example There, Michelangelo learned the technique of panel painting for a few months. He was supposed to stay there for not less than three years, but an extraordinary opportunity opened to him. At the recommendation of Ghirlandaio, he moved into the house of Florentine ruler Lorenzo the Magnificent. One of the powerful Medici families, where he studied classical sculpture in the Medici gardens (Poeschke 26). This is a great time for Michelangelo; his experience with the Medici group, permit him access to the social elite of Florence, which allowed him to learn under the respected sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni, Donatellos pupil, and introducing him to prominent poets, Humanists and scholars . Piero de Medici initiates Michelangelo to the Augustinian friars from the Church of Saint Spirit in Florence, who was hosting the young talent within their convent. He was given a special permission to learn cadavers for insight into anatomy; through the introduction to corpses he had an adverse effect on his health. These combined factors laid the basis for what would become Michelangelos unique style: a muscular concept and reality combined with a touching beauty. As a sign of appreciation to the friars, Michelangelo made a wooden Crucifix, which is still inside the Church of Saint Spirit. Slightly before the Medici family were banished from Florence, Michelangelo moved to Bologna hosted by Gianfranco Aldrovandi and then to Venice, where he continued his studies of literature and sculpture practice. He returned to Florence in 1495 where he begun the work as a sculptor, modeling his style after masterpieces of classical antiquity, In 1496, Michelangelo moved to Rome because of the famous Sleeping Cupid affair that had made him a reputation. He hoped to find new donors for his creations. He started modeling a marble Bacchus, under the patronage of the banker Jacopo Galli. On August 27, 1498 Michelangelo signed his first break

Concepts and Definitions of Mental Illness

Concepts and Definitions of Mental Illness INTRODUCTION The conceptualisation and definition of what is meant by the term ‘mental illness’ is not a straight forward task. This is because of two key reasons. Firstly, a given definition of mental illness will be significantly affected by the specific characteristics of the source of the definition. For example, a member of the general public would be likely to provide a definition which is significantly different from a person who worked within the legal profession. The perceptions of the member of the general public are likely to have been influenced by factors such as the media and their experiences involving people who are viewed as being mentally ill. In contrast, the legal profession would be influenced by the guidelines and recommendations set out by law (e.g. the Mental Health Act 1983 and subsequent amendments). The definition used within the health care profession is likely to differ again from these alternative approaches Such differences are likely to exist within th ese categories. For example, the definition used by a Psychiatrist may not be the same as that which is used by a General Practitioner. Therefore, whenever one is discussing ‘what is meant by mental illness’, it is important to note the significant impact which is made by the perspectives and experiences of those providing the definition. For the purposes of the following discussion, the definitions which are employed within the health care industry will be predominantly focussed upon but references will be made to the perceptions of other relevant groups. The second reason why the definition of ‘mental illness’ is not a simple one is because of the wide range of different symptoms, behaviours and personal characteristics which may be perceived as signs of mental illness. A person may be perceived as mentally ill if they claim to hear voices, experience prolonged episodes of depression, are addicted to drugs or even because they are extremely scared of spiders. These wide range of symptoms ensure that it is difficult to derive a definition of mental illness which encompasses all of the relevant aspects and issues. In terms of behaviours, a person who is going through a period of extreme optimism may be viewed as being a very positive person by some and as experiencing a manic episode by others. Therefore, it is difficult to clearly define the boundaries as to when behaviour moves into the realm of being a sign of mental illness. Finally, the personal characteristics of the person being observed are likely to influence whet her or not they are perceived as being mentally ill. For example, a young person who is forgetful may be viewed as simply having a poor memory. However, if an elderly person was to perform the same episodes of memory loss, they may be more likely to be viewed as suffering from the early signs of Alzheimer’s Disease. Therefore, the definition of mental illness is made more difficult by the range of applicable symptoms, the problems associated with clearly defining boundaries and the effect of the personal characteristics of the person being observed. The following review will discuss these relevant issues and highlight the key elements of the debate regarding ‘What is Mental Illness?’ THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS This section will consider the statistical approach to mental illness along with the importance of social desirability. The roles played by cultural and societal factors in determining what is labelled as mental illness will then be discussed. Finally a theoretical definition of what is meant by mental illness will be provided. 2.1 THE STATISTICAL APPROACH TO MENTAL ILLNESS The more traditional approach to mental illness was based on the concept of how rare a given person’s characteristics, thoughts and behaviours were viewed as being. Somebody who is acting very differently and in a way which is rarely seen, had the potential to being perceived as mentally ill. For example, the extreme behaviour and actions performed by Adolf Hitler would lead many to claim that he was ‘insane’ However, This statistical approach to mental illness can be criticised in two ways. Firstly, the extreme behaviours of somebody like Picasso are viewed as talent and ability rather than as being a sign of mental illness. Rarity, it could be argued, is only relevant when it is combined with behaviour which is socially undesirable. The statistical approach can be criticised in a second way. There are certain categories of mental illness which are not that rare. For example, a significant number of people in the world suffer with depression. One could not argue that depression is not a mental illness merely based on the theory that there are too many people suffering with it. Thus the traditional statistical approach was shown to not be a comprehensive and appropriate conceptualisation of mental illness. 2.2 CULTURAL AND SOCIETAL FACTORS IN MENTAL ILLNESS Subsequent approaches to mental illness have focussed on the concept of ‘deviance’ (Maher 1966). This highlights the key role which is played by cultural and societal factors in determining what is labelled as mental illness. The case of homosexuality provides a good demonstration of this point. In previous centuries, performing homosexual acts was seen as a sign of mental illness by both society and the mental health profession. However, over subsequent years homosexuality has become a more accepted form of sexual behaviour. Although some people would still view it as a mental illness, a societal shift appears to have taken place relative to the historical treatment of homosexual people. Heather (1976) argues that there is a moral aspect to mental illness as well as the underlying medical condition. The case of homosexuality outlines this point of view and shows that the concept of mental illness is not a fixed one but rather has the capability to change over time. Szasz (1962) also supported this view and argued that mental illness is as ‘real’ as witch craft was in the past. It is the way in which society perceives mental illness which has a significant impact on what is actually labelled as mental illness. Other cultural aspects have a part to play. Cultural norms regarding a situation are important. For instance, undressing is an acceptable behaviour if one is just about to have a shower However, if one was to undress in the middle of the high street then it would not be seen as acceptable. Similarly there are developmental norms within given cultures. Temper tantrums are expected when a child is around two years of age. However, if the same behaviour was performed by a 30 year old then it is likely that this would be seen as unacceptable and potentially viewed as a sign of mental illness. This section has shown that cultural and societal factors have an important influence on what is seen as mental illness. A given behaviour i n one community may be acceptable but the exact same behaviour in a different community may be seen as a sign of mental illness. 2.3 DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS Johoda’s (1958) Framework of mental illness will be outlined here as well as the importance of distress and consequences. CATEGORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS This section of the review will outline three of the more prevalent categories of mental illness. This discussion will enable a more comprehensive understanding of what is meant by mental illness. Within each category, an example of a mental illness will be provided as a further illustration. The first category is Psychosis. A definition of psychosis will be given and the case of Schizophrenia will be discussed as an example. The second broad category to be considered is Substance Abuse.. The case of people being addicted to recreational drugs will be provided as a modern example. The third and final category is Depression. Bipolar Disorder will be discussed as another example of mental illness. For each of these examples, both the causes and different treatments will be briefly outlined. 3.1 PSYCHOSIS The first category of mental illness to be covered in this discussion is Psychosis. The term ‘psychosis’ has been defined as a range of symptoms that can be found within the diagnostic categories of Schizophreniform illness[1] (Gregory 1987). A variety of different experiences can be described as psychotic symptoms. They can be viewed as ‘highly convoluted expressions of everyday experiences (Beck Rector 2000). They include auditory hallucinations (e.g. the patient may hear a voice instructing them to perform certain behaviours), disturbing thoughts (e.g. the patient may become paranoid that they are being targeted by someone) or a distressing inability to distinguish what is ‘reality’. Combinations of these psychotic symptoms are associated with different forms of psychosis, including both Acute and Chronic Schizophrenia. The mental illness which is labelled as ‘Schizophrenia’ will now be outlined in more detail. The symptoms associated with this illness will be outlined along with the different possible causes and treatments. 3.1.1 SCHIZOPHRENIA The term Schizophrenia was first used by Bleuler (1911). It was intended to mean ‘Split Mind’ or ‘Divided Self’. Clare (1976) stated that a person can be said to be suffering from Schizophrenia if they have at least one of the ‘first rank’ symptoms, outlined below, and do not suffer from a diagnosed brain disease. The ‘First Rank’ Schizophrenic symptoms were outlined by Schneider (1959). They are: Passivity experiences and thought disturbances Auditory hallucinations in the third person Primary delusions or false beliefs The potential consequences for a person suffering with Schizophrenia are both serious and wide ranging. One of the most significant problems can be social exclusion. This has the potential to cause great distress on the part of the patient and may lead to a relapse and or increase in their psychotic symptoms. Therefore it is an important issue to consider and one which needs to be carefully addressed by the mental health nurse. 3.1.2 CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Information regarding the different causes of Schizophrenia will be added here. 3.1.3 TREATMENTS Many different approaches to the treatment of Schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms have been taken over the past fifty years. These have ranged from Neuroleptic medication and Electro-Convulsive Therapy through to Social Support and Family Therapy. The 1960s witnessed the introduction of Phenothiazine as a medication for treating psychotic symptoms (Fenton 2000). Subsequent research evaluating a purely drug-BASED approached suggested that it may be somewhat limited. For example, research has revealed that between 25 and 50% of patients ON medication still experience persistent psychotic symptoms (Garety et al 2000). Furthermore, even when the patients strictly adhere to their medication regime, they still can experience difficulties (Hogarty Ulrich 1998). Other research has supported the view that patients suffering from psychotic symptoms who are on medication still experience residual symptoms as well as social disabilities such as having difficulty with interpersonal skills (Sand ford Gournay 1996). Such social disabilities can negatively effect the patient’s ability to socially interact and to form relationships. This in turn may help to reinforce the stereotypes that people have regarding the mentally ill and hence contribute to the stigmatisation which they have to suffer. Other alternative and supplementary approaches to the treatment of psychotic symptoms have been offered. For instance, based upon Social Learning Theory, Social Skills Training was developed. This involves training and re-training the motor and interpersonal skills of the patient. However, evaluations of this approach have suggested that any positive effects were short term and that rather than dealing with the psychotic symptoms Social Skills Training merely allows the patient to disguise them and to avoid talking about them (Bradshaw 1995). It may be the case that such training needs to be provided via the mental health nurse and this could be one way in which they could help a patient who is suffering from Schizophrenia. Other treatments based on a psychodynamic approach have also been tested and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness and efficacy for the treatment of psychotic symptoms. It was found that there was no significant effect (Malmberg Fenton 2002). However, other s imilar research suggested that approaches which emphasise problem-solving seem to be more effective than those which simply focused on analysis (Fenton 2000). Such findings have led people to advocate the psychological management of psychotic symptoms whilst also emphasising the possible role that could be played by the mental health nurse in addressing problems which are not effectively overcome by the treatments which are presently given for Schizophrenia. 3.2 SUBSTANCE ABUSE Another major area of mental illness concerns addiction. It has been included here as it is not generally perceived as being a mental illness by the public although it is included within the DSM-IV classification framework. Humans can become addicted to a wide range of different stimuli from gambling and sexual behaviour through to drugs and alcohol consumption. As a result of the prevalence of such addictions, and the potentially serious consequences for the sufferer, the topic of addiction has attracted a considerable amount of research projects and theories from a variety of different theoretical perspectives. The case of people being addicted to recreational drugs will now be provided as an example which is of particular relevant to the modern debates within this field. 3.2.1 ADDICTION TO RECREATIONAL DRUG USE The system within the brain which is activated by the consumption of water and food, as well as during sexual activity, can also respond to the taking of drugs. This is associated with an increase in the release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens within the brain. This effect has been seen with amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, PCP, opiates and cannabis. Recreational drugs are primarily taken by individuals because of the feelings of euphoria, alterations in sensory perception or to experience an increase in their perceived mental or physical abilities. The issue of recreational drug use has seen a significant amount of coverage within the UK media over the last decade. Through a combination of the prevalence of recreational drug use, the reporting of drug-related deaths and the Government’s deliberations over the relevant legal considerations, a growing interest in the topic has been facilitated. The Government and researchers in the field are working to gain an understand ing of the drugs which are being used, who is using them, how addictive behaviour can develop and what interventions can be taken in order to ensure the safety of those at risk. Research has been conducted which has attempted to quantify the extent to which recreational drugs are used within the United Kingdom. For instance, Wadsworth et al (2004a) conducted a postal survey which revealed that 12% of the respondents had taken elicit recreational drugs within the last year and 7% had done so within the last month. For respondents under the age of 25, it was found that 34% reported having taken recreational drugs in the last year and 19% in the last month. It appears that these figures are increasing and that they have been increasing for a number of years. Bauman Phongsavan (1999) performed a review of the epidemiology of drug use and found that it had been steadily increasing since 1990. They also note, however, that it is difficult to collect accurate data regarding the true extent of recreational drug use as people may be reluctant to admit using drugs and to report the amount that they usually take. 3.22 CAUSES OF ADDICTION An addiction involves a person having a compulsion to take a given substance or perform a specific behaviour. They also have an inability, or find it very difficult to limit their in-take of the substance or to control their performance of the given behaviour. Explanations for the development of an addiction have been proposed from a number of different theoretical perspectives. Some of the more prominent approaches will now be outlined. The biological approach, often cited as ‘the disease model’, suggests that a person has a pre-disposition to becoming addicted to a specific stimuli. This does not necessarily mean that they will become addicted, just that they are vulnerable to it and that the onset of any addiction may occur more easily or rapidly. The Genetic approach suggests that people may inherit addictions from their parents through their genetic make-up. Therefore, the children of a person who is addicted to a specific stimuli are said to be more vulnerable to becoming addicted to that stimuli than would normally be expected. The Sociological perspective emphasises the role played by societal factors in the development of addictions among its members. For instance, within a society which creates a stressful environment, high levels of conflict and which allows significant advertising of products to which people may become addicted, more people with addictions may exist relative to another less s tressful society with lower levels of conflict and advertising. Other explanations have been offered which are fundamentally based on psychological principles. It is these approaches which are being proposed as most appropriate for understanding recreational drug addiction. This approach is fundamentally based on the assumption that human behaviour is learned. Such learning is said to be shaped by positive and negative reinforcements which are associated with performing the behaviour. A negative reinforcement may come in the form of information regarding recreational drugs. Such information may be provided by family members, a friend, the media or through the education system. Through emphasising the potential health-related consequences of recreational drug use, the likelihood of an individual taking recreational drugs should be reduced. Negative reinforcement could also occur through an individual experiencing or witnessing an unpleasant event regarding drugs and involving themselves or their friends. Positive reinforcement regarding recreational drug taking could also be provided by an individual’s friends. It could also occur through witnessing other people taking recreational drugs and focussing on the positive consequences of such behaviour. Perhaps the most powerful positive reinforcement, however, occurs when an individual takes recreational drugs and experiences positive feelings as a result. These positive feelings are likely to go beyond the actual physical reaction to include potential factors such as the individual’s acceptance into a social group or scene and a significant rise in their reputation. All of these positive reinforcements are likely to combine, to varying degrees, to encourage the individual to repeat the recreational drug taking behaviour in the future. The addiction can begin when they become tolerant to such positive feelings. This psychopharmacological approach suggests that this tolerance takes two forms. Firstly, the individual can become Contingency Tolerant This relates to their behaviour after the stimuli and it is this which they become tolerant of rather than the stimuli itself. Therefore, to continue with the recreational drug-taking example, the individual may become tolerant of the positive feeling experienced when taking a drug and hence they go in search of a larger effect by taking more of the same drug or by experimenting with other substances. The second form of tolerance is Conditioned Tolerance This relates to the environment in which the behaviour is performed. The drug taker may experience a positive response when they walk into a night club or to a friends house where drugs are usually taken. It is suggested that the individual with the addiction can become conditioned to consuming the given substance or performing the specific behaviour when in a given environment or situation. 3.3 MOOD DISORDERS The two major conditions which are included within this category of mental illness are Depression and Bipolar Disorder. They are both amongst the more common forms of mental illness. As an example of this kind of mental illness, the case of Bipolar Disorder will now be outlined in more detail. 3.3.1 BIPOLAR DISORDER Bipolar Disorder is a form of psychotic illness which involves the patient experiencing episodes of mania and depression. The periods of mania may involve the patient being in extremely high spirits and exhibiting high levels of optimism. In contrast, depression may witness the patient feeling very low and even suicidal. These extreme moods will be separated by times in which the patient is in a ‘normal’ mood. This cyclical pattern of moods can become more rapid over time (Goodwin Jamison 1990). A distinction can be drawn between two forms of the disorder. Bipolar Disorder 1 is the classic form in which the patient experiences recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Bipolar Disorder 2 involves milder episodes of hypomania and depression. If the patient is witnessed to go through four or more episodes in a year then they can be categorised as suffering from Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder. It has been estimated that around 1% of people who are over the age of 18 can suffer with Bipolar Disorder in any one year (Regier et al 1993). As a result of the prevalence of this illness, combined with the potential for it leading to suicide (Brent et al 1993), research has been conducted in order to gain an understanding of the causes and the most effective treatments for Bipolar Disorder. This field of investigation has attracted theorists and researchers from a psychological and sociological perspective. This move has been facilitated by the findings of research which has demonstrated that the traditional approach of medication may not address all of the relevant issues. For example, Ameen Ram (2001) suggest that only 60% of patients respond to Lithium and other Anti-Convulsion medication. Furthermore, they also suggest that just 40% of sufferers remain without relapse for three years after initial treatment despite adhering to their medication regime. Such statistics have ser ved to highlight the potential role that could be played by people working from a psychological and/or sociological perspective. The following discussion will now consider and critically review these perspectives with reference to the causes and then the treatment of Bipolar Disorder. 3.3.2 CAUSES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER A significant amount of research has been conducted to investigate the underlying causes of Bipolar Disorder. The role played by genetics and biological factors does appear to be a significant one. Research has demonstrated that one identical twin can suffer with Bipolar Disorder where as the other identical twin may not. However, they are significantly more likely to suffer with the illness relative to another sibling (Genetics Workgroup 1998). Therefore genetics seem to have a significant impact but it is not the only potential contributory factor. Other psychological and sociological factors have been offered as possible explanations for the development of Bipolar Disorder. These will now be discussed with reference to three key areas, the individual, their family and environmental factors. The psychological perspective would highlight the potential causal factors which relate to the individual sufferer themselves. Factors such as substance abuse and alcoholism have been linked with Bipolar Disorder (Winokur et al 1996). A number of psychological issues could under-pin such behaviour and these need to be addressed if a comprehensive understanding of Bipolar Disorder is to be gained. For example, the individual may not be equipped with sufficient coping skills or an ability to manage stress which in turn leads to their use of alcohol or drugs which then contributes to their Bipolar Disorder. The psychological perspective emphasises the influence of factors relating to the individual’s characteristics which cause or contribute to their illness. The second key area which relates to the psychosocial perspective is the family. The interactions between family members during a person’s developmental years appears to have a significant impact on the onset of Bipolar Disorder. Research has been conducted which has assessed what sufferers of Bipolar Disorder view as the main causes of their illness. Lish et al (1994) found that sufferers believe that their illness started in their childhood. The way in which parents act towards a child in forming their behavioural patterns is an important consideration. This is of particular importance when the parents themselves suffer with Bipolar Disorder (Grigoroiu-Serbanescu et al 1989). The child will observe the behaviour of their parents and this in turn will play a significant part in developing their behaviour in given situations. The learning of social skills and the interactions which take place within the family are viewed by those from a psychosocial perspective to be an import ant consideration in understanding the causes of Bipolar Disorder. As well as family related issues, general environmental factors are also advocated by the psychosocial perspective as a cause of Bipolar Disorder (Pike Plomin 1996). The social environment in which an individual lives and the events which they experience may contribute to the development of their illness. The social support which a person has when they are first experiencing a manic or depressive mood can significantly impact the course of the mood and potentially facilitate the development of a more serious problem. Furthermore, the general lifestyle of the individual, and the social settings which this puts them in, will be another influencing factor. If they live or work in an environment which facilitates significant high and low periods then this could facilitate the onset of a psychotic symptom. Therefore, if an individual lives in an environment which encourages alcoholism, provides no real social support and incurs significant episodes of highs and lows, then the environment may lead to them suffering with Bipolar Disorder. Thus far the discussion has demonstrated that those coming from a psychosocial perspective would argue that individual, family and environmental factors all have a part to play in causing, and contributing to, Bipolar Disorder. The empirical evidence, however, for such assertions is somewhat limited and hence the argument exists mainly from a theoretical perspective. It is difficult to conduct experiments which control for all of the potentially confounding variables and because of the relevant ethical considerations involved. Research generally focuses on people with Bipolar Disorder and tries to identify the causes of their illness. Having said this, the relevant research which has taken place involving identical twins would lead one to conclude that psychological and sociological factors do merit consideration when assessing the onset of Bipolar Disorder. The remainder of this discussion will now address the treatment of Bipolar Disorder from a psychosocial perspective. Again the categories of the individual, the family and the environment will be used to structure the discussion. 3.3.3 TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Although Bipolar Disorder is a serious illness, it can be successfully treated (Sachs et al 2000). Due to the fact that the traditional medication-based approaches have significant side-effects (Vainionpaa et al 1999), and because they are not always fully effective, psychosocial treatments have been proposed. These approaches will now be discussed with reference to individual, family and environmental methods as these were the areas addressed in terms of the causes of Bipolar Disorder. Fundamentally based on psychological principles, therapy has been offered as a possible treatment for Bipolar Disorder. For example, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has been used to treat mild episodes of depression and post-manic dysphoria (Leahy Beck 1988). This approach aims to foster an improvement in the patient’s coping skills, self control technique and on their ability to manage stress. Also the patient can be taught useful strategies such as combining the taking of medication with a routine task. In evaluating this approach Satterfield (1999) used an empirical case study to demonstrate that it can enhance the treatment of rapid cycling. Therefore, CBT is a possible approach for treating the individual factors associated with Bipolar Disorder. An alternative individual approach comes from the psychodynamic perspective. It focuses on abandonment fears, repressed rage, manic defences and the need for engagement through the testing of limits. Limited evaluations of this approach have been made. Early research indicated that there are some long term benefits (Scott 1963). However, this research only used a small sample and hence the extent to which these findings can be generalised is questionable. Much of the research in this area involves single case studies (Kestenbaum Kron 1987). Therefore this approach is predominantly supported by theory rather than sound scientific research. Therefore therapy based on a psychological perspective has been advocated as a method by which individual factors can be addressed. Indeed the Expert Consensus Guideline Series (1996) recommended the use of psychotherapy alongside medication so that a more comprehensive treatment programme can be achieved. Conflict within the family can result from the patient’s desire for the situation to ‘go back to normal’ after an episode, their dependency on a family member for medication and because the family become concerned at the first signs of anger or sadness. Such conflicts can be addressed with therapeutic programmes like that which is proposed by Miklowitz Goldstein (1990). Family Focussed Therapy (FFT) involves assessing and educating the family as well as providing training in communication and problem-solving skills. Evaluations of this approach for treating Bipolar Disorder have shown that it significantly reduces relapse rates whilst improving communication (Miklowitz et al 2000). A key element of approaches within this field is education. Information and hence improved knowledge can help to enhance the patient’s illness management skills. Spouses, other family members and care-givers all need to be involved within this process. Honig et al (1997) found t hat a psycho-educational family approach can reduce relapse rates, increase social support and significantly improve a family’s expression of their emotions. Therefore Family Therapy can be used to help address some of the causes of manic and depressive episodes whilst also improving the family’s ability to cope with them if and when they do occur. The third and final area of treatments of Bipolar Disorder from a psychosocial perspective concerns environmental factors. By manipulating the environment, it should be possible to both reduce the number of manic or depressive episodes whilst also reducing the negative consequences of them should they happen. For example, Frank et al (2000) proposed Social Rhythms Training. This aims to stabilise a patient’s social rhythms, such as sleeping patterns, and their patterns of behaviour. It also aims to identify the factors which disrupt a person’s social rhythms. Similarly, Wehr et al (1998) advocates the creation of an environment which facilitates regular and healthy sleepi