Why Did The World Ever Become Unequal - 2040 Words

1. The Overarching questions about global development that Professor Jared Diamond wished to answer were as follows: How did Europeans develop advantages in the first place?, Why did the world ever become so unequal?, What separates the haves from the have-nots?, and How have guns, germs, and steel shaped the history of the world? He was prompted to begin exploring these issues when he was visiting Papua New Guinea. He enjoys bird watching and began going to Papua New Guinea when he was twenty-six. He began making regular trips there since then. On one of these trips he met a man on the beach named Yali, and Yali asked him â€Å"Why you white man have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?† This threw Diamond for a loop and from that moment on he began researching and trying to find an answer to Yali’s question. 2. Diamond makes a statement in the documentary in which he says â€Å"The power of Europeans rests on geography.† When he comes to this conclusion he addresses many reasons as to why this is true. The first being the specific geography of people in Papua New Guinea compared to people of Eurasia in the Stone Age period. The people of Papua New Guinea are isolated on an island that is dense with jungle and is wet. In Papua New Guinea there are limited resources for hunting and very limited sources of nutritious food. The main source of food for New Guineans is sago. Sago is stripped from the sago trees that grow in the jungles and even though it is edible itShow MoreRelatedRelationships Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pageshowever they are not so easy to maintain. In the relationships of Biggie and the protagonist in ‘Big World’ and that of Max and Raelene in’ The Turning’ both by Tim Winton, we see relationships forged, and then fall apart very rapidly . Between Biggie and the protagonist we see absolute loyalty resulting in the downfall of the relationship. In ‘The Turning’ a once loving and strong relationship becomes one of violence. Through idiom, simile, colloquial language and irony Winton expresses that relationshipsRead MoreSocial Stratification1747 Words   |  7 PagesCasey Rash, Austin Helms November 11, 2010 SOC 100 General Sociology; 002 Essay Question: 3 The purpose of this paper will be to address what social stratification is, and why sociologists consider it crucial to our understanding of today’s society. In addition it will also be discussing the three dimensions of social stratification and how we think its changed since the 1970s and 80s to today, and which theory we think best explains this change. Along with how the inequality of valued resourcesRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role844 Words   |  4 Pagesare attached to sex.(pp: 220 John E. Farley Michael W. Flota). The key word gender role affects me personally because as recent graduate of high school it’s time for me to go into the real world, of working class gender role of the same sex gender. It gives me the attack on how society has changed when, I did my reasherch and reading on the past to now how as a child growing up that I will be in such a diverse open society of continuous violence, hate, terrorism and disagreement between our societyRead MoreCivil Rights : Sparked Ever Lasting Change1526 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Richardson HMXP 102 Professor Patrice Burleson 24 April 2016 Civil Rights: Sparked Ever Lasting Change in America In modern America, equality is becoming more of a realization however; racial and civil rights issues are still existent in today’s society. The civil rights movement, which originated in the 1960’s, involved public movements in the United States which the goals were to terminate racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to obtain and secure legal acknowledgementRead MoreGender Inequality, Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism868 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality refers to the inequality between men and women, or the unequal treatment or perception of a person based on his or her gender. Gender inequality is almost always prominent towards a female rather than towards a male. Women are seen as inferior to men in every country in the world. This form of society is called patriarchal and is one of this biggest issues in American society today. Patriarchy means that the country has a primarily male dominated society. Does anyone re alizeRead MoreGender Inequality : Today s Society Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Gender inequality has become an ongrowing issue in today’s society. This issue begun in early history and has grown over time. In early days it simply began as women not being able to vote or not being able to work. This has improved over time and now women have gained those rights, but there are still inequalities in today’s society between genders. When most people think of gender inequality they automatically think of women. Men have also started to become victims of gender inequality. Read MoreThe Geography Of Inequality : Why Separate Means Unequal Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pages 1997). Fitting nicely into the figure of 90% of student that did not receive free and reduced lunch in the suburban setting (Anyon, 1997). My background, socioeconomic status, race, geography, and culture all have a meaningful impact on who I was as a student and who I now am as a teacher. Geography played a huge part in my experience with K-12 education. In the study titled, The Geography of Inequality: Why Separate Means Unequal in American Public Schools (2012), Logan, Minca, and Adar notedRead MoreFrederick Douglass is Recognized as an Implausible Abolitionist707 Words   |  3 PagesWhen slavery had become societal, Christianity was the preeminent religion in America. Frederick Douglass is recognized as an implausible abolitionist. He has worked incredibly hard to abolish slavery and everything it stood for. He portrays the ways religion and its literature had a repugnant effect on slavery and the slave owners. Christianity had more of a jaundiced effect on the slave owners than it did unmitigated. Throughout the novel we find that Frederick’s friends were all religiousRead MoreAnalysis Of Nella Larsens Passing1616 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans: the upper class Harlem socialites. This is done through Irene, who embodies this form of privilege. In fact, Irene’s obsession with security is only possible through her privilege. She also rejects passing in superficial terms without considering why anyone in a less privileged position then her would utilize this strategy in a racist America. Her disapproval of Clare is rooted in Irene’s fear of Clare disrupting the status quo. Passing is able to form a complicated view of privilege within theRead MoreRacism : The Fight For Equal Justice Is A Spectator Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesand what to think about whom they are and where they come from. â€Å"Racism has become more than just individual beliefs. It’s become part of coherent sets and ideas legitimizing social practices that reinforce the unequal distribution of power between groups designated in racial and/or ethnic terms† (Dossier: Understanding Racism Today 4-6). Although Racism has declined, more and more people are accepting the fact that our world is made of black and white, not just white or not just back, racism today

Summary Of Mark Of Oppression - 968 Words

Although innumerable numbers of African Americans try to overcome their struggles, according to Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color, Black Racial Identity, and Self- esteem Among African Americans, while multitudinous dark-complexioned African Americans view their skin color proudly, others are ambivalent and view their blackness as a â€Å"mark of oppression† (Kardiner Ovesey, 1951). This â€Å"mark of oppression† has come from the way African-Americans have been treated as a whole and throughout the various poems, we will understand exactly what it means to be an African-American. Throughout these poems, we are given the opportunity to behold the benightedness of the black culture, the tedious roles executed by force as well as the crucial victimization and death. African American people are only seen as a color that represents sin and evil. Black as night, a term unmeasurable amounts of white people used to describe African Americans which symbolically w as a phrase thrown out at the disgust of our appearance. My interpretation of these poems formulates in a response to my own poem. â€Å"My skin is older than me, lonely and as absent as I ever could be. I want to be like the rest of the crowd but 20 years from now I don’t want to be buried in the ground. My love hangs by a tree, a naked shadow which represents the soul of me. And now on my knee, I regret my pleas for my lover s life to live beyond the lynching in the trees. I am a Negro; my color is black andShow MoreRelatedThe North And South Fought The Civil War811 Words   |  4 Pagesjust focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper: While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government. Compare this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. KeepRead MoreSociological Criticism of William Blake’s Poetry Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagesof Marxist social theory is a quintessential form of sociological criticism, as Marxism primarily deals with political and economic ideas of communism and social inequality. William Blake, a Romantic poet, frequently wrote on the topic of class oppression and his opposition to the exploitation of the proletariat by the capitalists. Blake’s ideology and preference towards an equalitarian society quite closely mirror the theories of Karl Marx. Analyzing Blake’s poetry from a Marxist perspective paintsRead MoreComparison of Marx, Durkheim and Weber1622 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s systems and structures. Let us explore the minds and studies of the three men, and discover were they either Genius’ or foe? Summary: The â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party† by Karl Mark was first written in 1848 in a time where rules on workers and working conditions where at minimum to none. At the precipice of social and political turmoil in Germany, Mark writes â€Å"The history of hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle (Marx 2007: p.96).† Marx was elaborating on how thingsRead MoreAnalysis : The Panhandle Promise Project 1105 Words   |  5 PagesAna Gonzalez Panhandle Promise Project/Melisa Martinez Total hours worked this reporting period: 94.55 Individual supervisory hours and date: 23.99 hours- 4/14/15, 4/23/15, 5/1/15, 5/12/15, and 5/19-5/20/15 Cumulative hours: 233.54 Summary of Supervision The Panhandle Promise Project focuses on breaking the cycle of incarceration with at-risk youth by providing mentoring services. We provide monthly activities in which it includes roller-skating, sleep over at a church, visiting the AmarilloRead More Julius Caesar Essay573 Words   |  3 Pages SUMMARY: Shakespeares Julius Caesar is the story of the resulting conflicts from the assassination of perpetual dictator and Roman emperor, Julius Caesar. A great friend of Caesar, Mark Antony, comes to the senate to see the dead body of their dictator. He pretends to not be angry at those who took part in the assassination, and asks to speak at his funeral, a request which he is granted. However, after the men leave, he begins a soliloquy in which he suggests that Caesars spirit will take revengeRead MoreSummary : What I Learned1379 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of What I Learned The gospels provides us with four different, yet not conflicting, stories of the birth, life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John gives these accounts and are called the synoptic gospels. Each one of these gospels have a key verse, main people they are ministering to, or how they look at Christ. The Gospels displayed that Jesus was the promised Messiah of the Old Testament and that laid the foundation for the teaching of theRead MoreEssay On Portfolio Reflection1248 Words   |  5 Pagesidea, analyst in my own words how my evidence supports my topic sentence. At the end of my paragraph always has a brief summary the main idea of the passage. These show that my essay skills are ready to start college level. CLO2 I can identify and articulate the most important parts of a reading (main ideas) through examples to illustration and my summary. For example, in my summary I wrote, â€Å"In her article ‘Why the Myth of Meritocracy Hurts Kids of Color,’ Melinda D. Anderson explains that adolescentsRead MoreGothic Literature: A Rose For Emily, The Tell Tale Heart, and Daddy976 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful imagery, plot and setting which are interwoven to create a gothic feeling. The story unfolds in Jefferson, the living fragments of a land that is plagued with civil war. Among the remains of Jefferson is Emily’s house which appears to be the summary of what has become of the wealthy and noble in Jefferson. The description of the house in itself creates a haunting atmosphere. The â€Å"stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps,† coupled with the â€Å"cemetery†, â€Å"crackedRead MoreThe Cultural And Racial Unity Of All Indige nous People1496 Words   |  6 Pagesindigeneity and want makes the Indians distinct. Nevertheless, one can also study to what extent the state’s plan worked in their favour, and in what ways did the homogenising plan play against them and outcome they had intended. The Mexican Revolution marks a turning point in the state’s attitudes towards the indigenous people. Before the succession of events that span from 1910 to 1920, the indigenous were considered the weaker race, according to the intellectual trend of ‘scientific racism’. FollowingRead MoreSocial Problem Of The 21st Century2060 Words   |  9 Pages Systemic Oppression in America By: Justin The most critical social problem of the 21st century is Capitalism. Capitalism today is what use to be the color line as defined in the early 1900s by W. E. B Du Bois as: the question of the relation of the advanced races of men who happened to be white to the great majority of the undeveloped or half-developed nations of mankind who happen to be yellow, brown or black (Karenga). As Du Bois researched the color line, Capitalism in America is

The Social Communication Era - 1478 Words

The internet have opened up more opportunities of communication and socializing at vast distances across the world. People are able to send and receive information at their convenience which made the internet the habitat of social communication. Millions of people are using various web-based social networking services such as Facebook, twitter, Instagram, My space, What’s app, Skype; just a few to mention, to communicate, stay connected and as a source of freedom of expression. The use of these systems emerges serious social and moral influences on people and their societies. In this article I would illustrate a few issues that I believed is a growing concern and needs to be reconsidered in the evolution of the social communication era. Facebook, Instagram and what’s app are very effective and efficient social network service that is commonly used today by adults, teenagers and children. These far-reaching interaction web-based media, embeds the unethical act of cyber bullying. According to Michael J. Quinn (2012), â€Å"Cyberbullying is the use of the Internet or the phone system to inflict psychological harm on another person. Frequently, a group of persons gangs up to cyberbully the victim.† (pg141). Examples of cyberbullying include mean text messages or emails, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles. More frequently among children and teenagers, are the likelihood to be targeted by this immoralShow MoreRelatedThe Uses And Gratifications Research Of Mass Communication Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesgratifications research of Mass Communication is still relevant in the modern world as well as considering the possibility that the Era of Mass Communication has ended completely. According to Thomas E. Ruggiero, the uses and gratifications are evolving to approach towards the new mass communication form, from the early years of newspaper, radio and television, an d now the Internet (Ruggiero, 2000). These technologies are used to reach large audiences for media purposes. Internet and social networking has becomeRead MorePolice Enforcement Has Behind The World Of Technology972 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction From the night watch in Boston, to the present day policing, law enforcement has behind in the world of technology. As time rolled through the political era, professional era, and community-oriented era, police patrols would use the rapidly advancing technology in their favor. Those were desperate times for policemen in a hostile country with unpaved streets and uneven sidewalks, sometimes miles from the police station, with little prospects of assistance in case of need.... It tookRead MoreThe Technology of Cellphones1164 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The mobile phone is making more significant changes to people’s lifestyles in contemporary times than the landline equivalent did in an earlier era. The technology of a telephone on the move has made a more significant impact on today’s society as compared to the impact made by landlines in an earlier era. A survey carried out in 2010 by UK Imperial College London, identified more than six billion users of mobile phones worldwide. Most of them have used both a mobile and a landline andRead MoreTrends of Social Networking1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe growth of social networking is one of the fastest growing digital trends to exist. Many social networking sites boast with millions if not billions of members. Prominent examples of these social sites are Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Members of these networks use them daily to communicate, share various types of information or to collaborate with other members. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 and its sole purpose is to give people the power to share and connect with the world.Read MoreThe Victorian Er The Beginnings Of A Modern World1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Victorian Era: The Beginnings of a Modern World In 1837, eighteen-year-old Victoria became Queen of England. She ushered in a new era of prosperity and progress. During Victoria’s reign, Great Britain was the most powerful nation in the world. â€Å"By 1882 Britain was in the later stages of acquiring the largest empire the world has ever seen† (Evans). During this time, Britain also emerged as the most powerful trading nation in the world. This sparked a social and economic revolutionRead MoreCase Study on Communicating with the Millennials Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesCommunicating With the Millennials Essentially, communication has become the most indispensable element in an institution in determining the organizational success. An institution cannot exist without communication, especially the type of communication that keeps the employees up to date and well-informed about the organization’s vision and strategies as well as to help every individual in the company to work together with a common purpose. The communication between the employer and its employees areRead MoreA Look at the Final Chapter of Timothy Glander’s Book, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and C1149 Words   |  5 Pagesof Timothy Glander’s book, Origins of Mass Communications Research During the American Cold War: Educational Effects and Contemporary Implications (2000) stands as a disappointing example of academic research becoming hijacked by the author’s personal opinion. Focusing on the hidden nature of propaganda in Ame rican life, his concluding chapter presents a very drastic view of the individuals who crafted the academic subject now known as mass communications. I see the need for investigating the statusRead MoreMedia and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Mass Communications development on a Healthy Mature Culture This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferredRead MoreGraphic Design Style Of The Victorian Era1681 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial Revolution in the Victorian Era there was a social and economic change as the world developed. There was the first printed book and first movable type, there were new printing press, first san-serifs, and first brand loyalty. However, with their ability to easily recreate designs, they replaced craft mans with cheaper and faster production, and art and craft were sacrificed for speed and quality; designs became tasteless. The design style of the Victoria Era was too busy, detailed and separa tedRead MoreThe Digital Era: The Development of Science and Technology Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesWith the development of science and technology, our life relies on digital products much more than in previous decades. What has the digital era brought to people? Digital activities have been helping us in many fields, ranging from daily life to scientific research and from automated production to school learning. We can get information from all over the world in a timely way via Internet; we can shop online at home instead of going out; also we can having business trades with other by using some

Comment On The Juvenile Justice System - 943 Words

Comment on the increased punitiveness in juvenile justice. When is it appropriate to have cases involving murder or rape be heard in juvenile courts, and when should they be heard in adult court? Please be specific. It has been understood by society that juveniles have been committing more serious crimes while the juvenile justice system had also become lenient with juvenile offenders. They were only getting a ‘slap on the risk’ as some members of society interpreted it, by the juvenile justice. This therefore led to a massive response from many state legislators who decided to enforced punitive laws to control juvenile serious crimes (Witehead Lab, 2015) These laws have been enforced to prevent future juvenile offenders from committing serious crimes. Additionally some of the punitive laws which were implemented enable juvenile offenders who have committed serious crimes to be removed from the juvenile justice system to the adult justice system. Some also suggested that the justice system is to treat juveniles who have committed serious crimes as criminals within their jurisdiction in the juvenile courts. This they suggested will be as an example to other juveniles who intended to commit serious in the future to be treated as criminals and in some states prosecutors can file some cases directly in the criminal court than in the juvenile court (Lawrence Hesse, 2009 Pg. 21). In regards to cases of rape and murder, as a researcher I hold to the opinion that the parents andShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Juvenile Justice System Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesYouth and juvenile crime is a common and serious issue in current society, and people, especially parents and educators, are pretty worried about the trend of this problem. According to Bala and Roberts, around 17% of criminals were youths, compared to 8% of Canadian population ranging between 12 to 18 years of age between 2003 and 2004 (2006, p37). As a big federal country, Canada has taken a series of actions since 1908. So far, there are three justice acts in the history of Canadian juvenile justiceRead MoreThe Frontline Episode : When Kids Get Life923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Frontline episode â€Å"When Kids Get Life† serves as a reminder for how the criminal justice system sometimes drops the proverbial ball when it comes to juveniles. Time after time, situations arise and are brought to the attention of the Department of Social Services. Whether they are overlooked or lost somehow, they are deprived of the help they need. The system fails children who are crying for help, and the results are sometimes fatal. Circumstances lead to the loss of life, not only for theRead MoreThe Origins Of Juvenile Justice1385 Words   |  6 Pagesthe origins of juvenile justice, from the house of refuge to the juvenile programs of today. Ans: In the early nineteenth century, the idea of reforming youth offenders took root in the United States. The House of Refuge in New York, which opened in 1824, was the first juvenile house of reform in the United States. This was the first attempt to house juvenile offenders in a separate facility and other States, like Maryland, would soon follow suit. The idea was not to punish juveniles offenders as adultsRead MoreEntry Into The Court System, By Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, And David Mueller1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe reading I chose to reflect on was chapter three,† Entry into the Court System† from the book â€Å"Criminal Justice Case Briefs, Significant Cases in Juvenile Justice† by Craig Hemmens, Benjamin Steiner, and David Mueller. I chose to write about the process of the pretrial or â€Å"intake† phase because it has not been determined by the Supreme Court as critical in juvenile proceedings. Consequently juveniles do not have the right to be represented by counsel during this meeting and if they chose toRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Week 8 Jose1344 Words   |  6 PagesThis term paper looks at an account involving a juvenile delinquent Josà © and juvenile delinquents in broad and those in disagreement with the rule and the law in particular. It scrutinizes the status or condition of the American juvenile justice arrangement or system and tries to explore the motive or the grounds behind children finally resorting to delinquent vices in concurrence with the offences they usually engage in are indicted of committing. Even as the study investigates both social and culturalRead MoreJuveniles Getting Adult Jail Sentences: A Persuasive Essay1526 Words   |  6 PagesJuveniles getting Adult Jail Sentence s Should juveniles get adult jail sentences? In todays society juvenile offenders are facing the law to full force, in two court systems. Not only are they tried in the juvenile justice system, but also charged as adults. The issue of charging juveniles as adults has stirred various views owing to the violent crimes committed by the young offenders. Politicians comment that the best solution is to lock up juvenile offenders for a long time and ignore rehabilitationRead More Juveniles Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pages As I entered the juvenile detention facility on 150th, I began to wonder about the female detainee I was going to interview regarding placement. I am sitting in a locked room with a desk, two (2) chairs and a large plexie glass window. As the staff arrived she was accompanied with Farouka (the name has been changed to protect confidentiality). Farouka is a 14-year-old Caucasian/Hispanic female small in stature, wearing county quot;bluesquot; (issued clothing). She appeared fearful and teary eyedRead MoreThank You At Kingston University893 Words   |  4 Pagesmannered, disciplined, law abiding and somewhat different from today’s youth. However, Humphries, (1994: 21) (cited at London Gangs† 2008) disputed this position, acknowledging that there is nothing new about gangs and street violence, and in reality juvenile crime is deeply rooted in our past. Regardless of whether gangs and guns are historic or a new phenomenon recently a series of tragic and high-profile shootings has raised the issue of gang and gang membership in both the public consciousness andRead MoreDepartment Of Juvenile Justice System Essay2336 Words   |  10 PagesDepartment of Juvenile Justice Organization description Florida Legislatures created the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice in 1994 to serve as the state agency responsible for youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Although the state agency is under the authority of the state governor, Secretary Christina Daly, who provides leadership for the organization, each circuit has a leadership team who runs the daily operation of each sub-department. The Department’s headquarterRead MoreJuvenile Justice System : Past, Present, And Future2137 Words   |  9 PagesJuvenile Justice System; Past, Present, and Future The juvenile system in the United States has a long history but varies from state to state. â€Å"It started around 170 years ago, with the opening of Massachusetts’ Lyman School for Boys in 1846 (Miller, 1991), American reformers began experimenting with a â€Å"new† approach to troubled youth† according to Patrick McCarthy author of the article â€Å"The Future of Youth Justice: A Community-Based Alternative to the Youth Prison Model†. The juvenile justice system

Standards Discipline “Discipline” Video Case Study Free Essays

Facilitator: Watching the video twice often ensures that participants are prepared to discuss the issues. Remember that SSG John Diem volunteered to share this story and served admirably and heroically in combat. Video summary: John Diem discusses the importance of discipline within the unit and the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Standards Discipline: â€Å"Discipline† Video Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Just because you are overseas does not mean you do not continue to follow rules/standards/disciplines. You may not understand the reasoning behind these rules, but as professionals, you are expected to enforce and adhere to them. Length: 2:59 ? SSG Diem says, â€Å"When you allow your lack of understanding of these rules to become how you lead Soldiers and you allow yourself to discount them, that’s when you start having a negative effect. † o What should a leader do when they don’t understand Army rules standards? o Have your group write down and discuss when they’ve enforced a particular standard. ? Diem says, â€Å"So I don’t expect lieutenants, sergeants, privates, even staff-sergeants to understand all of these rules. But I think the Army has the right to expect them to enforce them. † o What do you think of this statement? o How can a leader use their military expertise to learn rules in order to enforce them? o Ask the group to share what impact a leader’s misunderstanding of rules or SOPs had on them as a subordinate? ? Diem also said, of upholding standards, â€Å"You have to find when to ease up on that and (when to) harshly enforce it. † o How can â€Å"easing up† on a standard affect the performance of duties? How to cite Standards Discipline: â€Å"Discipline† Video Case Study, Free Case study samples

HIV Transmission Prevention Essay Example For Students

HIV Transmission Prevention Essay The percentage of HIV transmission from mother to child can be prevented in a number of ways. I. The AZT treatment is one way to prevent HIV. A. AZT is a drug that decreases mother to child transmission of HIV. B. AZT is given to the HIV positive mother throughout her pregnancy. II. HIV can be contracted through breast-feeding. A. There is a 14% chance of transmission of HIV from mother to child through breast-feeding. B. There are alternatives to breast-feeding, such as formula and a milk bank. 1. Alternatives to breast-feeding have their bad sides. 2. Breast-feeding can be made safer. III. HIV testing in pregnant women can lower HIV transmission from mother to child. A. HIV testing in pregnant women is a good idea. 1. Mother who knows their HIV status can make informed choices about their pregnancy. 2. Voluntary HIV testing in pregnant women has a very low success rate. 3. Women are scared of the test results. 4. Prenatal HIV testing is less costly than treating the mother and the child for HIV. B. Mandatory testing for HIV in pregnant women also has its down sides. 1. Women could be scared away from the health care system. 2. Tests may not be confidential. Preventing HIV Transmission from Mother to Child In 1993, approximately 7,000 HIV-infected women gave birth in the United States. Of those newborns, 1,000 to 2,000 are infected with HIV-now the seventh leading cause of death in children aged 1 to 4 (Gordon and Hooker). HIV in children is becoming more and more widespread and there is still no cure for it. The most common way children contract HIV is through their mother. The percentage of HIV transmission from mother to child can be prevented in a number of ways. One of the ways HIV transmission from mother to child can be prevented is through AZT treatment. AZT is a drug that is given to HIV positive mothers, which can decrease mother to child transmission by 67.5 percent (Gordon and Hooker). The mother is given five doses of AZT a day for the last six months of her pregnancy and then four doses during labor and an AZT syrup is given to the newborn for six weeks after birth (Gordon and Hooker). AZT is the only drug approved for preventing HIV transmission from mother to child (Women and HIV 10). Mothers choosing to not breast-feed their children can also prevent HIV transmission. The chance that a newborn can contract HIV from their mothers breast milk is up to 14 percent (Kent). In October 1995 the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations FDA consumer magazine said Women who are HIV positive should not breast-feed (Kent). Even though the percentage of mother to child transmission through breast milk is low, there is still that small chance and any chance that a child could contract HIV is too much. There are alternatives to breast-feeding such as formula or using breast milk from a milk bank (Kent). Though these alternatives are better than taking the chance of transmitting HIV to a child, they too have their bad sides. The use of formula, for example, poses a risk of the newborn getting diarrhea and other life threatening diseases (Kent). Breast milk can be heated to lessen the chances of the child contracting HIV, but there is still that small yet deadly chance. HIV testing in pregnant women could also help stop the transmission of HIV from mother to child. With a mothers knowledge of HIV status she could be counseled appropriately so she could choose whether of not to go on with the pregnancy, fully aware of the risks HIV could pose on her child (Gostin 65). If a mother is unaware that she has HIV the baby is denied the opportunity to get treatment. .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .postImageUrl , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:hover , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:visited , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:active { border:0!important; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:active , .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4537cbf493455256de985e453fd30fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus Essay Its killing kids who dont have to die (Gordon and Hooker). At this time HIV testing in pregnant women is voluntary and has a very low success rate. Women wont take the HIV test because they refuse to believe that they are at risk and they are scared of the results (Gordon and Hooker). Making HIV testing mandatory in pregnant women could save a lot of childrens lives. Most HIV infected children dont make it to the age of 4 and the rest will fdie before their teens (Gordon and Hooker). Mandatory HIV testing and AZT treatment is also less costly for the Health Care System then treating a mother and her child for HIV for the .

Corporate Finance Of The Organization - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance Of The Organization. Answer: INTRODUCTION In todays management system of organisations, capital budgeting plays an important part as all long term risks in investments and expenditures can be calculated by applying different techniques and analysis(Creative Commons, 2012). By making a proper planning and evaluation, overall costs of operations in company are reduced and avoids under or over investments. Capital budgeting provides an essential tool for the management and gives a wide scope for managers to make analysis of project costs and their significance for the company. There are several techniques which are considered by managers while making capital budgeting for the company(Edupristine, 2017). Some of the traditional and modern ways those are followed while budgeting are shown in the following figure. Figure: Techniques for Capital budgeting Source: (Kumar, 2016) Capital budgeting techniques is essential tool while making analysis of larger projects. Some limitations have been identified by researchers while following traditional methods and to manipulate unfavourable projects, superior tools are required. While evaluating projects, evaluators may arise to ask questions relating cash outflows following payback dates and time required to recover those cash flows or what shall be the NPV after calculating discount rates. Thus well improved and related evaluation techniques has to be considered to make appropriate assumptions like Sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, simulation techniques and break-down analysis. These are few modern techniques which are used by the financial management of todays business and to understand these tools, a detailed research have been made in this paper to provide assistance to managers while preparing capital budgets for the company(Lawrence, n.d.). SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensitivity analysis is one of the management tools that are used to analyse organisations scenarios to evaluate crucial and non crucial variables on the net profits of the company. Sensitivity analysis is also used by management while decision making to ascertain possible relationship between components of proposed ventures involvement in profitability, liquidity and working capital of the company. To determine the receptiveness of net present value (NPV) to variables those are utilised for calculating it is the main task of sensitivity analysis along with measuring risks. This is due to the process of evaluating investment prospects using NPV is supported by assumptions based on forecasting, therefore making it tentative. Sensitivity analysis can also measure the changes in variables and assumptions that can bear force on bottom lining of cash flow and profiteering of venture. Managers can have an idea about ventures success for the business while evaluating the assurance of resour ces for new project. Some professionals also assumes sensitivity analysis as risk assessment tool and claims that since this method is based on assumptions, ambiguity into investments is probable while incorporating this tool in decision making(Pannel, 2017). Sensitivity analysis carries simple features and uncomplicated theory unlike other accounting theories where there is a need for detailed study. This theory identifies crucial areas while attaining organisational goals as stated in vision of the company statement and thus helps managements in concentrating while discharging duties to the employees. It also helps in identifying susceptible areas which can be directly scrutinized. The data processed while making analysis can enable professional judgement while allocating managerial responsibilities. Sensitivity analysis softwares that are available in the market can perform calculations in simpler and fast manner by putting in the variables and getting results that can help in making quick decisions. Thus by evaluating future results, the management can give attention in implementing eminence control to determine the success in their investment on ventures. The weakness sensitivity analysis contains is that it is not fundamental in nat ure as it judges only changes made in variables. Taking into account the possibility of changes in variables are not made in analysis. Thus sensitivity analysis alone cannot judge and make final decisions in budgeting and provides only the informations that can be interpreted in further analysis(Chinweike, 2013). BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS Break-Even analysis is one another important tool used by managers to evaluate economic viability of new venture. The point in which profits are equal to costs is called the breakeven point and at that time no profit or loss is assumed. It can also be interpreted in sales i.e. break even sales unit required to cover overall costs. Sales which are found below cost levels are resulted losses and sales above cost levels are deemed profits made by company. Not always breakeven point is determined in producing products to cross sales level but sometimes certain profit returns are desired in investments. If it is not realised then selling substantial amount of products may result in assuming loss for the company(Holland, 1998). Thus breakeven can prove an effective tool in making decisions regarding quantity of goods to be produced in new venture to gain revenue. Fixed costs and variable costs are utilised in making break-even analysis in which fixed costs are those overhead costs those ar e invariable and does not change even if there is a change in output level. Variable costs are opposite in nature and changes with level of outputs and are inconstant and frequently settled on per unit base. The meeting in breakeven point after assuming fixed selling price and fixed variable costs determines the actual profits and cost of production by deducting selling price and variable costs. The regular shifting in costs relating sales and variables makes inconstant results in calculating break-even points which makes the process difficult at decision making stage. Thus break-even shall be calculated on customary basis so that any reflection in costs and prices is recognised and maintained immediately by adjusting the process. The following graph can explain the actual breakeven point meeting. Figure: Break-Even Point Source: (Linda, 2017) In the above figure the horizontal lines shows fixed costs that are constant and lines on the top are variable costs that relates volume and increment and decrement in production and sales. Total costs can be summed up by adding them and the revenue line that starts from zero depicts the sales figure at certain price and quantity. The point at which total costs and revenue lines meet is the break-even point. Many new ventures face losses at the early stages when the breakeven points are on below level and to know the price and quantity it is important to evaluate critically during the decision making time so that losses are analysed before handed. This analysis can help in evaluating short term companys goals and since cost analysis is mandatory it focuses in keeping association between manufacturing and selling. One drawback that breakeven analysis is that claim is supposed to be inelastic and states that high price will make profit curvature steeper and lesser the breakeven point. There are times when customers agrees in paying high rates but the conditions may depend on other factors like alternative availability and cost of switching products. Therefore break even analysis is helpful in assuming the volume of sales and revenues but not demand in products or services of new venture(Tsorakidis, n.d.) SCENARIO ANALYSIS Scenario analysis is a strategic tool to analyse decisions after considering several factors and probable outcomes. This tool is not a prognostic method but an analytical management tool to manage business ambiguity. For example it can reflect how NPV would fluctuate under elevated or stumpy inflations by investments. It can also help managers to make out actual amount of outcomes that can be realised. Scenario analysis can be further differentiated into three scenarios i.e. base case, worst case and best case that depends on the circumstances of the scenarios. Decision making is a complex process and to make investment budget decisions is the most delicate and significant part as long term implications depends entirely on it(Brzakovi?, 2016). On other hand it can also be said that budgeting process is unpredictability of cash flow of ventures while relating to cash flow expectation. The major risk factors associated in budgeting are determined in scenario analysis as any sensitivity to change in major factors and possibility of their changes are analysed. If the factors in venture is of interdependent nature, an insight into its amalgamation of factors are provided by scenario analysis that also shows how can the venture look dissimilar in other scenarios. Thus it is widely utilised by several companies to evaluate projects budget decisions. It allows allocating possibilities to different cases, as mentioned above, and find out the expected result and paradigm in divergence of ventures NPV for getting enhanced knowledge of risk that are related to venture. The stages while making scenario analysis is shown in the following figure that are used by managements while making budget decisions. Figure: Stages in scenario analysis Source: (Jackson, 2010) Scenario analysis allows altering variables and can generate several combined effects while making amendments on NPV and hence can bring in the likelihood of changes among key factors. The initial base analysis shows that the venture is satisfactory but when multiplied by different scenarios, the possibility of NPV for each scenario by adding to the product is expected to be higher than the NPV of the base case scenario. Wide range of possibilities is and considered while making initial budgeting and any negative value recommends that the venture is risk oriented. Since scenario analysis normally shows higher risks, to accept the venture or not becomes questionable for the managers. Thus simulation analysis shall be carried to find acceptable answer. SIMULATION TECHNIQUE Simulation techniques utilises numerical data to stature the standard outcome of scenario analysis. Different statistical inputs like inflation rate, market risk, etc. are distributed and estimated by running simulations to check the way they changes according to their distributions and ultimate affects. The estimated output is found out after averaging the statistical data outputs. Simulation techniques are used widely where multiple inputs changes constantly which can also be unrelated. Simulation analysis are also used for estimating bond prices but are majorly used while making initial budgeting i.e. the base case(DENT, 2012). Management utilises statistical methods when accounts becomes complex and all interconnected factors those affects financial outcomes becomes inflexible. This method deciphers problems by stimulating the highlighted processes and calculates the average outcome of the method(Ray, 2014). Simulation technique can be further divided into two phase in which fact ual system is build and then research is made on that model. The phase of modelling can prove useful as it helps in gaining enhanced perceptive of the formation and its process in complex systems. The experimental phase of simulation technique is also beneficial as inter related and sequential aspects of complicated methods can be integrated in the model. Simulation techniques does not solves models like other linear and dynamic programming techniques and thus this technique is not used for defining process of most favourable operational strategy. This technique can stimulate several sources of improbability like market changes, default risk, inflation, etc. which affects the company portfolio or budget investments and estimates a representative value. On the other hand it can also be said that this technique helps in finding the average outcome after alteration is made in the inputs. For using simulation techniques, many computer software packages are utilised by the managers in wh ich NPVs are calculated by picking randomly selected variables and then calculates mean and standard deviation. This mean or standard deviation value is used by managers to determine the expected NPV of new venture and risk associated in them. This technique is more precise as compared to sensitivity analysis as sensitivity analysis utilises restricted number of cases(Montazer, 2003). CONCLUSION Thus by utilising different techniques and analysis tools, managers can gain the opportunity of reducing risks and revaluate decisions about their ventures. It helps managers to decide whether to invest in new projects or to terminate any existing unprofitable project. In this research paper the techniques utilised for risk determination in capital budgeting and to evaluate future prospects of projects have been stated(Karanovic, 2010). These can give managers a platform to make a selection of alternative techniques according to their project. By predicting cash flow values, mangers can predict analysed risks and also make out decisions after applying different project values to change the estimated risks. Thus they are enabled to decide whether to take a project or not since observations regarding risks and probability are made before implementations(Chambers, 2017). REFERENCES Chinweike, 2013. What is Sensitivity Analysis? [Online] Available at: https://www.accountantnextdoor.com/what-is-sensitivity-analysis/ [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Creative Commons, 2012. Capital Budgeting Decision Making. [Online] Available at: https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/finance-for-managers/s13-capital-budgeting-decision-mak.html [Accessed 12 September 2017]. DENT, A.W.a.J.B., 2012. THE APPLICATION OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF GRAZING SYSTEMS. [Online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8489.1969.tb00062.x/pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Edupristine, 2017. Capital Budgeting: Techniques Importance. [Online] Available at: https://www.edupristine.com/blog/capital-budgeting-techniques [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Goran Karanovic, S.B.a.S.B., 2010. TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGING PROJECTS RISK IN CAPITAL BUDGETING PROCESS. [Online] Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/obitstream/10419/49182/1/666054274.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Holland, R., 1998. Break-Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://ag.tennessee.edu/cpa/Information%20Sheets/adc3.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Jackson, A., 2010. Scenario Analysis: Planning for Uncertain Futures. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/8of12/scenario-analysis-planning-for-uncertain-futures [Accessed 12 September 2017]. John C. Chambers, S.K.M.a.D.D.S., 2017. How to Choose the Right Forecasting Technique. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1971/07/how-to-choose-the-right-forecasting-technique [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Kumar, S., 2016. 3 Traditional Methods of Capital Budgeting | Financial Analysis. [Online] Available at: (https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/capital-budgeting/methods-of-evaluation/3-traditional-methods-of-capital-budgeting-financial-analysis/68012/ [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Lawrence, H., n.d. The Use of Modern Capital Budgeting Techniques. [Online] Available at: https://www.maesc.org/maesc02/FullPapers/b5-1-doc.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Linda, 2017. Break Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/accounting/break-even-analysis.php [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Ali Montazer, K.E.a.H.A., 2003. SIMULATION MODELING IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: A Sampling of Applications. [Online] Available at: https://www.pomsmeetings.org/ConfProceedings/001/Papers/PSC-04.4.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Nikolaos Tsorakidis, S.P.M.Z.a.C.Z., n.d. Break Even Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/gdlc1/gdlc4/Arts_and_Science_Books/commerce/economics/Business%20Economics/Books/Break%20Even%20Analysis.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Pannel, D.J., 2017. Sensitivity analysis: strategies, methods, concepts, examples. [Online] Available at: https://dpannell.fnas.uwa.edu.au/dpap971f.htm [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Ray, P., 2014. Applications of simulation in Business with Example. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/PratimaRay/applications-of-simulation-in-business-with-example [Accessed 12 September 2017]. Tomislav Brzakovi?, A.B.a.J.P., 2016. APPLICATION OF SCENARIO ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTMENT PROJECTS EVALUATION. [Online] Available at: https://www.ea.bg.ac.rs/images/Arhiva/2016/Broj%202/10%20EP%202%202016.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2017].